But then all was joyful optimism; the king was back on his throne, the country was peaceful once more, and the whole world of experimental philosophy was there to be explored. We felt, I think, like Cabot’s crew when they first caught sight of the New World, and the excitement of anticipation was intoxicating. The meeting itself was very fine, as befitted the occasion; the king himself attended, and graciously presented a mace to signify his royal condescension in supporting our endeavours, and many of his most powerful ministers came too – some of whom were subsequently elected to our ranks when the Royal Society was officially formed, although, it must be said, they contributed little but lustre.
Afterwards, once His Majesty had made a pretty speech and we were all given the opportunity of bowing personally to him, and Mr Hooke had demonstrated one of his more ingenious (and showy) machines to entrap the royal imagination, I was approached by a man of middling stature, with quick, dark eyes and a supercilious manner. He wore an oblong black patch over the bridge of his nose, which covered (so they say) a sword wound received when he was fighting for the late king. Personally I am not so sure; no one ever saw this famed injury, and that patch drew attention to his loyalty more than it covered a wound. Then he was known as Henry Bennet, although the world later knew him as the Earl of Arlington and he had just returned from the embassy of Madrid (though this was not yet common knowledge). I had heard vague reports that he was charging himself with maintaining the stability of the kingdom, and I was swiftly to receive full confirmation that this was, indeed, the case. In brief, he asked me to attend on him the following morning at his house on the Strand, as he wished to make my acquaintance.
The next day, accordingly, I presented myself, half expecting to be hurled into the midst of a formal levée, surrounded by petitioners and claimants all wanting the attention of a man close to the court. There were indeed a few people there, but not many and they were ignored. I concluded from this that Mr Bennet’s star had not yet risen too far or, for reasons of his own, he was keeping his connections, and even his presence in London, fairly quiet.
I cannot say that he was pleasant; indeed, he had a formality of manner which verged on the grotesque, so keen was he to observe all the niceties of protocol, and maintain rankings in a clear form. It came, I believe, from spending too long in Spain, which is notoriously prone to such excesses. He took the trouble to explain to me that he had provided a chair with a padded seat, as befitted my dignity as a doctor of the university; others, it seemed, had to make do with a hard seat or remain standing, depending on their station. It would have been unwise of me to hint that I considered such punctiliousness absurd: I did not know what he wanted and the government was about to send a visitation to the university to eject members inserted by the Commonwealth. As I had been so inserted, Mr Bennet was not a man to annoy. I wanted to keep my position.
‘How do you consider the state of His Majesty’s kingdom?’ he said abruptly, not being a man to waste too much time putting his guests at ease or winning their confidence. It is a trick often played by men in power, I find.
I replied that all His Majesty’s subjects were naturally delighted at his safe return to his rightful throne. Bennet snorted.
‘So how do you account for the fact that we have just had to hang another half-dozen fanatics for plotting against the government?’
‘“This is an evil generation,”’ I said (Luke 11:29).
He tossed a sheaf of papers over to me. ‘What do you think of those?’
I looked at them carefully, then sniffed dismissively. ‘Letters in cipher,’ I said.
‘Can you read them?’
‘Not at the moment, no.’
‘Could you read them? Tease out their meanings?’
‘Unless there is some particular difficulty, yes. I have had some considerable experience in such matters.’
‘I know that. For Mr Thurloe, was it not?’
‘I provided no information which might have injured the king’s party, even though it was in my power to do it considerable harm.’
‘Are you now prepared to do it any good?’
‘Of course. I am His Majesty’s loyal servant. I trust you remember that I took great risks with my fortune in protesting against the murder of the late king.’
‘You satisfied your conscience in the matter, but not to the point of leaving office, or turning down preferment when it was offered, I recall,’ he replied coldly, and in a manner which gave me little optimism about winning his favour. ‘No matter. You will be pleased at the opportunity of demonstrating how great your loyalties are. Bring me those letters deciphered tomorrow morning.’
And so I was dismissed, not knowing whether to bless my luck or curse my misfortune. I went back to the inn where I habitually stayed in London – this was before I acquired my house in Bow Street on the death of my wife’s father – and settled down to work. It took all day, and most of the night, to get the letters done. The art of decipherment is a complicated one, and getting more so. Frequently it is simply a matter of figuring out how one letter or group of letters is replaced by another: you work out by substitution that (for example) ‘a’ stands for ‘the’; 4 stands for king, d=l, f=d, h=on, g=i, v=s, c=n; and it is simple enough to decide that a4gvgcdhfh means that the king is in London. You will note that while the method (much favoured by the Royalists in the war, as they were, I’m afraid to say, rather straightforward souls) of substituting one letter for another is simple, the method of making a letter occasionally substitute for a letter, and occasionally for a syllable or a word is more difficult. None the less, it still presents very few problems. What is more difficult is when the values attached to the letters constantly change – a method first proposed in England by Lord Bacon but, I understand, in fact invented by a Florentine over a hundred years ago and now claimed by the French, an insolent nation which cannot abide that anything should not come from their land. They steal that which is not theirs; I suffered myself when a wretched little clerk called Fermat dared to say my work on indivisibles was his own.
I will try to explain. The essence of this method is that both sender and recipient must have the same text. The message begins with a group of numbers which read (say) 124,5: meaning that the key begins on page 124, word 5, of this text. Let us suppose that this page begins: ‘So Hatach went forth to Mordecai unto the street of the city, which was before the king’s gate’ (Esther 4:6, a puzzling text on which I have given an elucidatory sermon, shortly to be published). The fifth word, ‘to’ is your starting point, and you substitute ‘t’ for ‘a’, thus getting an alphabet:
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
tuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrs
so that your message, ‘the king is in London’, now reads ‘maxdbgzblbgehgwhg’. The important thing is that, after a given number of letters, normally 25, you move to the next word, in this case Mordecai, and start again, so that m=a, n=b and so on. Variations on this method exist, of course, but the point is to ensure that the value of letters changes sufficiently frequently for it to be all but impossible to make the code out unless you have the text on which it is based. I will explain why this was important later on.
I was worried that the scripts given me might be of this type; I could possibly have deciphered them eventually, but not in the time allowed. If I am vain about my abilities, it is with some justice; only one text has ever defeated me, and that was in special – though important – circumstances which I will deal with later. But every time I am handed a coded letter, I know that bitter experience of failure might be mine once more, for I am not infallible and the number of possible variant combinations is virtually infinite. I myself have constructed codes which are unreadable without the right texts for decipherment, so it was perfectly possible that others could do so as well; indeed I am surprised that I have not been defeated more often as it is easier to construct an impregnable code than it is to breach its walls. Fortunately, in the case of Mr Bennet’s letters I was again lucky: the
authors were as simple-minded in their approach as were the Royalist conspirators in their day. Few people, I find, are prepared to learn from experience. Each epistle had a different code, but they were simple ones and each was long enough to allow me to fix the meanings. At seven the next morning, accordingly, I presented myself once more to Mr Bennet, and handed over my labours.
He took them, and glanced over the fair copy I had prepared. ‘Would you summarise them for me, Doctor?’
‘They appear to be a group of letters to one individual, probably in London,’ I said. ‘All specifying a date, January 12th. There are references in two of them to weapons, but not in the others. One mentions the kingdom of God, which I imagine rules out papists, and indicates that the authors are Fifth Monarchists or groups associated with them. Internal evidence suggests two of the letters come from Abingdon, which also indicates a seditious origin to the letters.’
He nodded. ‘And your conclusions?’
‘That the matter should be looked into.’
‘Is that all? That seems very casual.’
‘The letters themselves prove nothing. Had I written them, and been arrested, my defence would be that they were all to do with my cousin’s wedding.’
Mr Bennet snorted.
‘Far be it from me to give you advice, sir, but precipitate haste might be troublesome. I assume that you obtained these letters by occult means?’
‘We have an informant, that is correct.’
‘So if you swoop, your informant will be of no further use to you, as it will be obvious you knew where to look. Look, sir, it is more than likely that these letters indicate that a rising of some sort will happen, which will be in several parts of the country and led from the capital.’
‘That is what concerns me,’ he said.
‘Use your informant to find out where the provincial risings are to be and on January 11th move troops there. I take it the king does have troops he can count on?’
‘No more than a few thousand can be trusted absolutely.’
‘Use them. As for London, sit back and watch; find out who is involved and how many, and have troops ready. Make sure the court is guarded. Then let the rising happen. Cut off from any support it will be easy to put down, and you will have solid evidence of treason. You may then act as you please. And collect such praise as will be your due for your prompt action.’
Bennet leaned back in his seat and watched me coldly. ‘My aim is to guard the king, not to gather praise.’
‘Of course.’
‘For a cleric you seem to have a remarkable grasp of these matters. It may be that you were in deeper with Mr Thurloe than I suspected.’
I shrugged. ‘You asked my advice, and I gave it. You do not have to take it.’
He had not dismissed me, so I sat there while he stared out of the window before pretending to notice me again.
‘Go away, sir,’ he said tartly. ‘Leave me in peace.’
I did as ordered, and left thinking that I had not succeeded in disarming a man who could do me very considerable harm, and that my tenure at the university would be short-lived. I resigned myself to this as best I could; I was wealthy enough through my mother’s side and had no fear of starvation or penury but, none the less, I liked my position and the stipend it brought, and had no desire to relinquish it.
I had played my cards as well as I could. The great virtue of deciphering letters is that it is profoundly difficult for anyone else to say whether you have done it correctly. In this case the interpretation (allied to a certain knowledge of my own) enabled me to demonstrate my potential usefulness at no great cost. For the letters clearly indicated that the uprising which so exercised Mr Bennet was, in fact, going to be little more than the screaming and yelling of a few dozen fanatics and could in no way threaten the king. This band might believe that, with God’s help, they could take London, the country and perhaps even the entire world; I saw fairly clearly that their so-called rising would be farcical.
But, with a little prodding from Bennet, as I later learned, the government took it seriously and began having nightmares about the bitter and unpaid remnants of Cromwell’s army rising all over the country. In late January (such is the length of time it takes to get information from London to Oxford in winter) news began to come through that Thomas Venner’s band of Fifth Monarchist maniacs had fallen into the trap so skilfully set for them and been arrested after creating a stir that had lasted for all of five hours. More, a sudden decision had led the government to station a squadron of cavalry at Abingdon and in half a dozen other places a few days before, and to this wise move was attributed the fact that the old soldiers there had remained quiescent. In my opinion they had never considered doing anything at all, but no matter; the effect was made.
Five days after I heard of all this, I received a letter summoning me to London. I went there the following week and was instructed to visit Mr Bennet, who had now been permitted to move into accommodation in Whitehall, where he was so much closer to the king’s ear.
‘I imagine you have heard of the monstrous treason which the government successfully repressed last month?’ he said. I nodded.
‘The court was mightily alarmed,’ he went on, ‘and it has shaken the confidence of many. Including His Majesty, who can no longer hold on to the illusion that he is universally beloved.’
‘I am distressed to hear that.’
‘I am not. There is treason everywhere in this country, and it is my job to stamp it out. At least now there is a chance that someone might listen to me when I give warnings.’
I sat silently.
‘When we met last, you gave me certain advice. His Majesty was impressed by the speed with which the rising was put down, and I was pleased to have talked over my policy with you.’
Which, roughly translated, meant that he had taken all the credit and that I should bear in mind that he was my sole conduit to royal favour. It was kind of him to spell it out so clearly. I nodded.
‘I am glad to be of service. To you and His Majesty,’ I said.
‘Here,’ he said, and handed me a piece of paper. It contained a document confirming the king’s trusty and well-beloved servant John Wallis in his posts as professor of geometry at the university of Oxford, and another appointing the same trusty and well-beloved John Wallis as Royal Chaplain to the king, at a salary of £200 a year.
‘I am deeply grateful and trust I will be able to repay such favour,’ I said.
Bennet smiled, a thin and unpleasant smile. ‘That you will, Doctor. And please do not think we expect you to deliver many sermons. We have decided to take no action against the radical rump at Abingdon, or at Burford or Northampton. It is our wish that they should be left at liberty. We know where they are, and a bird in the hand . . .’
‘Just so,’ I said. ‘But that is of little purpose unless you are constantly informed of what they are doing.’
‘Precisely. I am convinced they will try again. Such is the nature of these people; they cannot stop, for to stop would be to commit sin. They regard it as their duty to continue agitation.’
‘Some as their right, sir,’ I murmured.
‘I do not wish to engage in dispute. Rights and duties. It is all treason, wherever it comes from. Do you agree or not?’
‘I believe the king has a right to his place and it is our duty to keep him there.’
‘So will you see to it?’
‘I?’
‘You. You do not fool me, sir. That air of the philosopher does not deceive. I know exactly what tasks you performed for Thurloe.’
‘I’m sure you have heard an exaggerated report,’ I said. ‘I acted as cryptographer, not as an intelligencer. But that is of no matter. If you want me to see to it, as you put it, I am content to serve you. But I will need money.’
‘You will have what you require. Within reason, of course.’
‘And I beg to remind you that communication with London is not so very rapid.’
‘Yo
u will have a warrant giving you leave to act as you see fit.’
‘And does that include use of the garrisons near by?’
He frowned, then said, very reluctantly, ‘In an emergency, if need be.’
‘And how will I stand with the Lords Lieutenant of the counties?’
‘You will not stand with them at all. You will communicate only with me. No one else, not even in the government. Is that understood?’
I nodded. ‘Very well.’
Bennet smiled again, and stood up. ‘Good. I am very pleased, sir, that you agree to serve your sovereign in this fashion. The kingdom is far from secure, and all honest men must labour to prevent the spite of dissent from emerging once more. I tell you, Doctor, I do not know whether we will succeed. At the moment our enemies are dispirited and fragmented. But if we ever loosen our grip, who knows what might happen?’
For once I could agree with him wholeheartedly.
I will not have it thought that I entered into my role with enthusiasm or without thought. I was not going to tie my fortunes to a man who might drag me down with him should he prove to have only an unsteady purchase on power and position. I knew little enough about this Mr Bennet and so, the moment I had registered my appointment as Royal Chaplain with the appropriate offices, and dispatched the confirmation of my university position back to Oxford to confound my enemies there, I set myself to find out a little more about him.
He certainly had given ample evidence of his loyalty to the king, as he had shared exile with him and been entrusted with diplomatic missions of some importance. More to the point, he was a skilful courtier – too skilful, indeed, for Lord Clarendon; the king’s first minister had spotted his abilities and, rather than enlisting his support, had instantly seen him as a threat. The enmity grew, and Bennet grew close to other of Clarendon’s rivals while he waited his chance. He also attracted a circle of young men, all of whom went around praising each other’s brilliance. He was spoken of as a man who would rise to the very top – and nothing ensures success at court as an expectation that success will be forthcoming. To sum up, he had supporters below him, and supporters above him; but as long as Clarendon enjoyed the king’s favour, Mr Bennet would rise but slowly. It was uncertain how long his patience would last.