Gaines, A. Farmer, P. E. Visible saints: Social cynosures and dysphoria in the Mediterranean tradition. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 1986; 10(4): 295–330.
Gupta, R. Kim, J. Y Espinal, M. A Caudron, J.-M., Pecoul, B. Farmer, P. E Raviglione, M. C. Responding to market failures in tuberculosis control. Science 2001; 293: 1049–51
Kim, J. Y Furin, J. J Shakow, A. D Millen, J. V Brenner, J. G Fordyce, M. W Lyon, E. Bayona, J. Farmer, P. E. Treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB): New strategies for procuring second-and third-line drugs. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 1999; 3(9 supp. 1): S81.
Miranda, J. Farmer, P. E. Social exclusion must be considered in global terms. British Medical Journal 2001; 323:1370.
Mitnick, C. Bayona, J. Palacios, E. Shin, S. S Furin, J. J Alcántara, F. Sánchez, E. Sarria, M. Becerra, M. Smith-Fawzi, M. C Kapiga, S. Neuberg, D. Maguire, J. H Kim, J. Y Farmer, P. E. Community-based therapy for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Lima, Peru. New England Journal of Medicine 2003; 348(2): 119–128.
Mukherjee, J. S Shin, S. S Furin, J. J Rich, M. L Léandre, F. Joseph, K. J Seung, K. Acha, J. Gelmanova, I. Goncharova, E. Pasechnikov, A. Virú, F. A., Farmer, P. E. New challenges in the clinical management of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice, in press.
Rylko-Bauer, B. Farmer, P. E. Managed care or managed inequality? A call for critiques of market-based medicine. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 2002; 16(4): 476–502.
Singler, J. Farmer, P. E. Treating HIV in resource-poor settings. MSJAMA 2002; 288: 1652–1653
Timperi, R. Sloutsky, A. Farmer, P. E. Global laboratory testing capacity for tuberculosis. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 1998; 2(11 supp. 2): S290–291.
OTHER
Farmer, P. E. Social medicine and the challenge of bio-social research. In Innovative Structures in Basic Research: Ringberg-Symposium 4–7 October 2000. Plehn, G. (ed.). Munich: Generalverwaltung der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Referat für Presse- und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit. Available at http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ringberg/main.html.
—————. Prevention without treatment is not sustainable. National AIDS Bulletin (Australia) 2000; 13(6): 6–9, 40.
—————. What is appropriate empiric therapy for active tuberculosis? Ask the Expert. APUA Newsletter 2000; 18(3): 6.
—————. AIDS heretic. New Internationalist Jan.–Feb. 2001; 331: 14–16
—————. Arresting global epidemics: Are some people too poor to treat? GSAS Newsletter (Harvard University) 2001: 4–5, 12–13.
—————. Use of antiretroviral therapy in developing countries: A biosocial analysis. Abstracts of the 10th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Boston, 2003, session 92, abstract 48.
Farmer, P. E Castro, A. Un pilote en Haïti: De l’efficacité de la distribution d’antiviraux dans des pays pauvres, et des objections qui lui sont faites. Vacarme Apr. 2002; 19: 17–22
—————. Castigo a los más pobres de América. El Pais, Jan. 12, 2003.
—————. Urgence humanitaire en Haiti. Courrier International 2003; 640: 20–21
Farmer, P. E Léandre, F. Bayona, J. Louissaint, M. DOTS-Plus for the poorest of the poor: The Partners In Health experience in Haiti. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 2001; 5(11): S257.
Farmer, P. E Léandre, F. Koenig, S. P Nevil, P. Mukherjee, J. Ferrer, J. Walker, B. Orélus, C. Smith-Fawzi, M. C. Preliminary outcomes of directly observed treatment of advanced HIV disease with ARVs (DOT-HAART) in rural Haiti. Abstracts of the 10th Conference on Retro-viruses and Opportunistic Infections, Boston, 2003, session 33, abstract 171.
Naroditskaya, V. Werner, B. G Farmer, P. E Becerra, M. Sloutsky, A. Limited mutation pattern found by DNA sequence analysis of rifampin-resistant (rif-R) clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Peru. Abstracts of the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Microbiology, Chicago, Ill., 1999, session 27U, abstract U-11.
Walton, D. Farmer, P. E. The new white plague. MSJAMA (online), 2000, 284(21): 2789.
I found the following materials on Haiti especially useful:
Aristide, J.-B. In the Parish of the Poor. Orbis Books, Maryknoll, N.Y.: 1990.
Bell, M. S. All Souls Rising. Pantheon, New York: 1995.
—————. Bell, M. S. Bell, M. S. Bell, M. S. Master of the Crossroads. Pantheon, New York: 2005.
Danner, M. Beyond the mountains I. New Yorker, Nov. 27, 1989.
Gaillard, R. Hinche Mise en Croix. Imprimerie Le Natal, Port-au-Prince, Haiti: 1982.
Greene, G. The Comedians. Bodley Head, London: 1966.
Hall, R. A Jr. Haitian Creole: Grammar, Texts, Vocabulary. American Folklore Society, Philadelphia: 1953.
Heinl, R. B Jr., and Heinl, N. G rev. by Heinl, M. Written in Blood: The Story of the Haitian People, 1492–1995. University Press of America, 1996. Lanham, Md.:
James, C.L.R. The Black Jacobins: Touissant Louverture and the San Domingo Revolution. Second ed. Vintage Books, 1989. New York:
Métraux, A. trans. by Hugo Charteris. Voodoo in Haiti. Schocken Books, 1972. New York:
Shacochis, B. The Immaculate Invasion. Viking Press, New York: 1999.
Wilentz, A. The Rainy Season: Haiti After Duvalier. Simon and Schuster, 1989. New York:
Books and journal articles about tuberculosis and AIDS could fill an entire library. For the reader interested in the clinical and sociological literature on those diseases, I recommend Farmer’s works and the material cited in his footnotes and bibliographies. I also recommend the following books and their cited references:
Bukhman, G. Reform and Resistance in Post-Soviet Tuberculosis Control. Doctoral diss., University of Arizona, Tucson. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms, 2001.
Garrett, L. The Coming Plague: Newly Emerging Diseases in a World out of Balance. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York: 1994.
—————. Betrayal of Trust: The Collapse of Global Public Health. Hyperion, New York: 2000.
I used the following as an introduction to the history of cost-effectiveness analysis:
Shakow, A. A Brief History of Cost Efficacy. Working paper, Partners In Health, Boston, 2000.
An influential example of cost-effectiveness analysis applied to tuberculosis control can be found in the following:
Murray, C.J.L., DeJonghe, E. Chum, H. J Nyangulu, D. S Salomao, A. Styblo, K. Cost effectiveness of chemotherapy for pulmonary tuberculosis in three sub-Saharan African countries. Lancet 1991; 338: 1305–1308.
The first quotation from WHO, in Chapter 15 of this book, comes from:
World Health Organization, Treatment of Tuberculosis: Guidelines for National Programmes. Second edition. Geneva, 1997.
The second quotation comes from:
World Health Organization, Groups at Risk: WHO Report on the Tuberculosis Epidemic. Geneva, 1998.
Note also this quotation: “The WHO Tuberculosis Programme has recommended that treatment of chronic cases with [second-line] drugs remain a low priority for national tuberculosis programmes in developing countries due to their high costs and the limited prospects for cure of those cases.”
Weil, D. Drug supply—Meeting a global need. In Tuberculosis: Back to the Future. Porter, J. McAdam, K. (eds.). Chichester: John Wiley, 1994, 124–129; quoted in Farmer, Infections and Inequalities.
For information on New York City’s epidemic, the following journal articles provide a good beginning:
Brudney, K. Dobkin, J. Resurgent tuberculosis in New York City: Human immunodeficiency virus, homelessness, and the decline of tuberculosis control programs. American Review of Respiratory Disease 1991; 144: 745–749
Frieden, T. R Fujiwara, E. Washko, R. Hamburg, M. Tuberculosis in New York City: Turning the tide. New England Journal of Medicine 1995; 333(4): 229–233.
A fine overview of the TB epidemic in Russia can be found in the report assembled by Partners In Health:
The Global Impact of Dru
g-Resistant Tuberculosis. Boston: Program in Infectious Disease and Social Change, Department of Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 1999.
I also made use of this book on MDR-TB:
Reichman, L. B with Tanne, J. H. Timebomb: The Global Epidemic of Multi-Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis. McGraw-Hill, New York: 2002.
Farmer’s works and the books by Bukhman, Garrett, and Reichman offer useful views of international health. I also relied on the following:
Kim, J. Y Millen, J. V Irwin, A. Gershman, J. (eds.). Dying for Growth: Global Inequality and the Health of the Poor. Common Courage Press, Monroe, Maine: 2000.
Muraskin, W. The Politics of International Health: The Children’s Vaccine Initiative and the Struggle to Develop Vaccines for the Third World. State University of New York Press, Albany: 1998.
For my description of Rudolf Virchow’s work, I used the following:
Ackerknecht, E. H. Rudolph Virchow: Doctor, Statesman, Anthropologist. University of Wisconsin, Madison: 1953.
Boyd, B. A. Rudolph Virchow: The Scientist as Citizen. Garland, New York and London: 1991.
Eisenberg, L. Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow, where are you now that we need you? American Journal of Medicine 1984; 77(3): 524–532.
Also this odd but rather wonderful source:
Rudolph Virchow on Pathology Education. Lecture by “Ed” at a meeting of the Group for Research in Pathology Education, Hershey, Pa. (To be found on the website www.pathguy.com/lectures/virchow.htm.)
The material on Mother Teresa comes from
Hitchens, C. The Missionary Position. Verso, London and New York: 1995.
Cuba’s AIDS sanitorium was called a concentration camp in the following op-ed article:
Rosenthal, A. M. Individual ethics and the plague. New York Times, May 26, 1987, sec. A.
For a temperate account of Cuba’s AIDS policy, and an accurate description of Santiago de las Vegas, I recommend the following article:
Scheper-Hughes, N. AIDS, public health, and human rights in Cuba. Lancet 1993; 342: 965–967
For Farmer’s full comparison of the two AIDS quarantines in Cuba, see his Pathologies of Power.
For a fascinating article on Peru and its civil war, I recommend:
Starn, O. Missing the revolution: Anthropologists and the war in Peru. In Rereading Cultural Anthropology. Marcus, G. (ed.). Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1992.
The newspaper article cited in regard to Alex Goldfarb is:
Gill, P. Russian defector fears for life. Russia Journal Weekly, Nov. 11, 2000.
See also:
Reichman, Timebomb, and Gessen, M. From Russia with secrets: What will he expose? U.S. News and World Report, Nov. 13, 2000.
For more information about Partners in Health, go to www.pih.org.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
TRACY KIDDER graduated from Harvard, studied at the University of Iowa, and served as an army officer in Vietnam. He has won the Pulitzer Prize, the National Book Award, the Robert F. Kennedy Award, and many other literary prizes. The author of Home Town, Old Friends, Among Schoolchildren, House, and The Soul of a New Machine, Kidder lives in Massachusetts and Maine.
Copyright © 2003 by John Tracy Kidder
All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright
Conventions. Published in the United States by Random House, an imprint of
The Random House Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc., New York.
RANDOM HOUSE and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc.
Portions of this book were originally published in The New Yorker.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kidder, Tracy.
Mountains Beyond Mountains / Tracy Kidder
p. cm.
eISBN: 978-1-58836-334-3
1. Farmer, Paul, 1959– 2. Physicians—Biography. 3. Missionaries, Medical—Biography.
4. Poor—Medical care. 5. Right to health care. 6. Human rights. I. Title.
R154.F36K53 2003 610’.92—dc21
[B] 2003041253
Random House website address: www.atrandom.com
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Tracy Kidder, Mountains Beyond Mountains
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