32. Romina Boccia, Alison Acosta Fraser, and Emily Goff, “Federal Spending by the Numbers, 2013: Governmental Spending Trends in Graphics, Tables, and Key Points,” Heritage Foundation, August 20, 2013, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/08/federal-spending-by-the-numbers-2013.
33. 42 U.S.C. § 10891.
34. 42 U.S.C. § 18022; Healthcare.gov, “Essential Health Benefits,” https://www.healthcare.gov/glossary/essential-health-benefits/.
35. Scott Gottlieb, “Health Plan Premiums Are Skyrocketing According to New Survey of 148 Insurance Brokers, with Delaware Up 100%, California 53%, Florida 37%, Pennsylvania 28%,” Forbes, April 7, 2014, http://www.forbes.com/sites/scottgottlieb/2014/04/07/health-plan-premiums-are-skyrocketing-according-to-new-survey-of-148-insurance-brokers-analysts-blame-obamacare/.
36. Amy Finkelstein, “The Cost of Coverage,” Wall Street Journal, February 28, 2007, http://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2007/02/amy_finkelstein.html.
37. “What We’re Learning: Reducing Inappropriate Emergency Department Use Requires Coordination with Primary Care,” Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, September 2013, http://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/issue_briefs/2013/rwjf407773.
38. Laura Ungar, “More patients flocking to ERs under Obamacare,” (Louisville, Ky.) Courier-Journal, June 8, 2014, http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/06/08/more-patients-flocking-to-ers-under-obamacare/10173015/.
39. Merritt Hawkins, “2014 Survey: Physician Appointment Wait Times and Medicaid and Medicare Acceptance Rates,” p. 6, http://www.merritthawkins.com/uploadedFiles/MerrittHawkins/Surveys/mha2014waitsurvPDF.pdf.
40. Id.
41. Kelli Kennedy, “Obamacare Impacts Primary Care Doctor Shortage,” Associated Press, December 7, 2014.
42. Sarah Kliff, “Romney’s right: Obamacare cuts Medicare by $716 billion. Here’s how,” Washington Post, August 14, 2012, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2012/08/14/romneys-right-obamacare-cuts-medicare-by-716-billion-heres-how/.
43. David Leonhardt, “After the Great Recession,” New York Times, May 3, 2009, MM36.
44. 42 U.S.C. § 1395kkk.
45. F. A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom: Text and Documents—The Definitive Edition (The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, Vol. 2), Bruce Caldwell, ed. (New York: Routledge, 2014), p. 114.
5. On Education
1. Mark Dixon, U.S. Census Bureau, Public Education Finances: 2012, G12-CG-ASPEF, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., p. 11, http://www2.census.gov/govs/school/12f33pub.pdf.
2. “How much money does the United States spend on public elementary and secondary schools?” Fast Facts, National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=66.
3. Mark Dixon, U.S. Census Bureau, Public Education Finances: 2012, G12-CG-ASPEF, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., http://www2.census.gov/govs/school/12f33pub.pdf.
4. Kathryn M. Doherty, Sandi Jacobs, and Martin F. Lueken, Doing the Math on Teacher Pensions, National Council on Teacher Quality, January 2015, http://nctq.org/dmsView/Doing_the_Math.
5. The Digest of Education Statistics: 2012, National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d13/tables/dt13_605.10.asp.
6. Program for International Student Assessment, December 2013, “Selected Findings from PISA 2012,” http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pisa/pisa2012/index.asp.
7. Id.
8. The term “education systems” is used here to differentiate individual systems within nations, as well as national systems.
9. Program for International Student Assessment, December 2013, “Selected Findings from PISA 2012,” http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pisa/pisa2012/index.asp.
10. “2013 SAT Report on College and Career Readiness,” September 26, 2013, The College Board, http://media.collegeboard.com/homeOrg/content/pdf/sat-report-college-career-readiness-2013.pdf.
11. Lindsey Burke, “Our National Report Card: No Education Progress Since 2009,” National Review Online, May 13, 2014, http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/377899/our-national-report-card-no-education-progress-2009-lindsey-burke.
12. 2013 Mathematics and Reading: Grade 12 Assessments, National Assessment of Educational Progress (“NAEP”), “Are the nation’s twelfth-graders making progress in mathematics and reading?” http://www.nationsreportcard.gov/reading_math_g12_2013/#/.
13. Council on Foreign Relations, Joel I. Klein and Condoleezza Rice, Task Force Chairs, U.S. Education Reform and National Security, Independent Task Force Report No. 68, 2012, p. 9, http://www.cfr.org/united-states/us-education-reform-national-security/p27618.
14. Andrew J. Coulson, “State Education Trends Academic Performance and Spending Over the Past 40 Years,” Policy Analysis, Cato Institute, March 18, 2014, http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa746.pdf.
15. Id.
16. Mike Antonucci, “The Long Reach of Teachers Unions, Education Next,” Fall 2010, http://educationnext.org/files/ednext_20104_24.pdf.
17. “Firing tenured teachers: Our view,” USA Today, June 16, 2014, http://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2014/06/16/teacher-tenure-los-angeles-vergara-editorials-debates/10640909/.
18. The Pew Forum on Education Reform, “A Tribute to Al Shanker,” August 1993, http://big.assets.huffingtonpost.com/shankerpew_0.pdf. Marcus Baram, “Is Teachers Union Scrubbing Al Shanker’s Legacy?” Huffington Post, October 14, 2010, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/10/14/is-teachers-union-scrubbi_n_763029.html.
19. Vergara v. California, No. BC484642 (Cal. Sup. Ct. L.A., tentative decision filed June 10, 2014), http://studentsmatter.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Tenative-Decision.pdf.
20. Id., p. 8.
21. Id., p. 13.
22. Scholastic Lesson Plan, “Multiculturalism and Diversity,” http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/lesson-plan/multiculturalism-and-diversity. Allie Bidwell, “Obama Wants Kids to Learn About Global Warming,” U.S. News & World Report, December 3, 2014, http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2014/12/03/obama-administration-to-launch-global-warming-education-initiative. Adam B. Lerner, “AP U.S. History controversy becomes a debate on America,” Politico, February 21, 2015, http://www.politico.com/story/2015/02/ap-us-history-controversy-becomes-a-debate-on-america-115381.html.
23. Claire Suddath, “Tossing the First Lady’s Lunch,” Bloomberg Business, August 21, 2014, http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2014-08-21/school-districts-avoid-nutrition-rules-by-shunning-federal-funds.
24. “Fast Facts,” U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2013, Digest of Education Statistics, Chapter 3, http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=76.
25. Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Quarterly Report on Household Debt and Credit, November 2014, http://www.newyorkfed.org/householdcredit/2014-q3/data/pdf/HHDC_2014Q3.pdf.
26. Ecreditdaily, “Student Loan Delinquencies Worse Than Previously Known; One-Third Late on Payments,” March 28, 2015, http://ecreditdaily.com/2015/03/student-loan-delinquencies-worse-than-previously-known-one-third-late-on-payments/.
27. Richard Fry, Kim Parker, and Molly Rohal, Young Adults, Student Debt and Economic Well-being, Pew Research Center’s Social and Demographic Trends Project, 2014, p. 4.
28. Id., p. 5.
29. Josh Zumbrun, “It Only Takes $10,400 to Be Richer Than Most Millennials,” Wall Street Journal, September 4, 2014, http://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2014/09/04/it-only-takes-10400-to-be-richer-than-most-millennials/; Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, “2013 Survey of Consumer Finances,” October 20, 2014, http://www.federalreserve.gov/econresdata/scf/scfindex.htm.
30. “Top 20 Richest Colleges for 2013: The Biggest Endowments,” April 21, 2014, ThinkAdvisor.com, http://www.thinkadvisor.com/2013/04/02/top-10-richest-colleges-for-2012the-biggest-endowm?page_all=1.
31. “U.S. Spotlight on Statistics: Back to College,” p. 7, “College and University Employment Increasing,” September
2010, http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/print.pl/spotlight/2010/college/home.htm.
32. Id., p. 8.
33. Id., p. 9.
34. “Employer Costs for Employee Compensation—March 2014,” News Release, June 11, 2014, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/ecec.pdf.
35. Andrew Martin, “Building a Showcase Campus, Using an I.O.U.,” New York Times, December 13, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/14/business/colleges-debt-falls-on-students-after-construction-binges.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.
36. Id.
37. Id.
38. Id.
39. Michael Grunwald, “The College Loan Bombshell Hidden in the Budget,” Politico, February 5, 2015, http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/02/the-college-loan-bombshell-hidden-in-the-budget-114930.html#.VOyFMPm3SlI.
40. Id.
41. Id.
42. Scott Jaschik, “Moving Further to the Left,” Inside Higher Education, October 24, 2012, https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2012/10/24/survey-finds-professors-already-liberal-have-moved-further-left.
43. Id.
44. Dalton Conley, You May Ask Yourself: An Introduction to Thinking Like a Sociologist (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2013).
45. Daniel B. Klein and Charlotta Stern, Groupthink in Academia: Majoritarian Departmental Politics and the Professional Pyramid, Independent Review, Spring 2009, p. 594.
46. Id.
47. http://www.foxnews.com/us/2015/05/13/liberal-speakers-dominate-college-commencements-says-conservative-group/.
48. Allan Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind: How Higher Education Has Failed Democracy and Impoverished the Souls of Today’s Students (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987), p. 380.
49. Id., p. 382.
6. On Immigration
1. Samuel P. Huntington, Who Are We? The Challenges to America’s National Identity (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 195.
2. U.S. Census Bureau, “Statistic Abstract of the United States, Section 31, 20th Century Statistics, Immigration, by Leading Country or Region of Last Resident: 1901 to 1997,” http://www.census.gov/prod/99pubs/99statab/sec31.pdf.
3. Id.
4. The Honorable Jeff Sessions, “Immigration Handbook for the New Republican Majority,” January 2015, http://www.sessions.senate.gov/public/_cache/files/67ae7163-6616-4023-a5c4-534c53e6fc26/immigration-primer-for-the-114th-congress.pdf; Steve Camarota and Karen Zeigler, “All Employment Growth Since 2000 Went to Immigrants,” Center for Immigration Studies, June 2014, http://cis.org/sites/cis.org/files/camarota-employment_0.pdf (data derived and analyzed from U.S. Census Bureau data collected from 2009 to 2011).
5. Jie Zong and Jeanne Batalova, “Frequently Requested Statistics on Immigrants and Immigration in the United States,” Migration Policy Institute, February 26, 2015, http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/frequently-requested-statistics-immigrants-and-immigration-united-states#Current and Historical.
6. Theodore H. White, America in Search of Itself: The Making of the President 1956–1980 (New York: Warner, 1982).
7. Mark R. Levin, Liberty and Tyranny (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009), p. 151.
8. The Honorable Jeff Sessions, “Immigration Handbook for The New Republican Majority,” January 2015, http://www.sessions.senate.gov/public/_cache/files/67ae7163-6616-4023-a5c4-534c53e6fc26/immigration-primer-for-the-114th-congress.pdf.
9. Editorial, “President Obama’s unilateral action on immigration has no precedent,” Washington Post, December 3, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/president-obamas-unilateral-action-on-immigration-has-no-precedent/2014/12/03/3fd78650-79a3-11e4-9a27-6fdbc612bff8_story.html.
10. Samuel P. Huntington, Who Are We? The Challenges to America’s National Identity (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 180.
11. Id., p. 184.
12. Id., p. 185.
13. Id., p. 196.
14. Steve Camarota, “Immigrants in the United States, 2010: A Profile of America’s Foreign-Born Population,” Center for Immigration Studies, August 2012, http://www.cis.org/sites/cis.org/files/articles/2012/immigrants-in-the-united-states-2012.pdf.
15. Id.
16. Congressional Budget Office, “The Economic Impact of S. 744, the Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act,” June 2013, http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44346-Immigration.pdf.
17. U.S. Chamber of Commerce, “Why Our Current Immigration System Does Not Work for the Business Community,” http://immigration.uschamber.com/reforms/why-our-current-immigration-system-does-not-work-for-the-business-community.
18. National Restaurant Association, “Ask the operator,” http://www.restaurant.org/News-Research/News/Ask-the-Operator.
19. Benjamin W. Powell and Art Carden, “Why Is Immigration Illegal Anyway?” Independent Institute, November 20, 2011, http://www.independent.org.
20. Id.
21. Id.
22. Steve Camarota and Karen Zeigler, “Are There Really Jobs Americans Won’t Do?” Center for Immigration Studies, May 2013, http://cis.org/are-there-really-jobs-americans-wont-do (data derived and analyzed from U.S. Census Bureau data collected from 2009 to 2011).
23. Id.
24. Id.
25. (Author name redacted), “Presentation of Data on the U.S. Foreign Born, Average Incomes of the Bottom 90% of Tax Filers, and the Estimated Share of Income Held by the Bottom 90% of the U.S. Income Distribution, 1945–2013.” Congressional Research Service, April 22, 2015, http://www.scribd.com/doc/262874867/CRS-Income-and-Foreign-Born-Population.
26. Hal Salzman, Daniel Kuehn, and B. Lindsay Lowell, “Guestworkers in the High-Skill U.S. Labor Market.” EPI Briefing Paper # 359, April 24, 2013, Economic Policy Institute, http://s3.epi.org/files/2013/bp359-guestworkers-high-skill-labor-market-analysis.pdf.
27. Id.
28. Id.
29. Byron York, “Business pushes immigration reform even as it lays off American workers,” Washington Examiner, October 3, 2013, http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/business-pushes-immigration-reform-even-as-it-lays-off-american-workers/article/2536800. The Honorable Jeff Sessions, Immigration Handbook for the New Republican Majority, January 15, 2015, http://www.sessions.senate.gov/public/_cache/files/67ae7163-6616-4023-a5c4-534c53e6fc26/immigration-primer-for-the-114th-congress.pdf.
30. U.S. Census Bureau, “Census Bureau Reports Majority of STEM College Graduates Do Not Work In STEM Occupations,” Release Number CB14-130, July 10, 2014, http://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2014/cb14-130.html.
31. Hal Salzman, Daniel Kuehn, and B. Lindsay Lowell, “Guestworkers in the High-Skill U.S. Labor Market,” EPI Briefing Paper # 359, April 24, 2013, Economic Policy Institute, http://s3.epi.org/files/2013/bp359-guestworkers-high-skill-labor-market-analysis.pdf.
32. Id.
33. Id.
34. Id.
35. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Labor force status of 2013 high school graduates and 2012–2013 high school dropouts 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment, educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, October 2013,” http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/print.pl/news.release/hsgec.t01.htm.
36. Eric Ruark, “Generation Jobless—The Unemployment Crisis of Millennials,” Federation for American Immigration Reform, February 2014, http://www.fairus.org/DocServer/research-pub/Generation-Jobless_Feb2014_rev.pdf.
37. Id.
38. Id.
39. Andrew Sum and Ishwar Khatiwada, “Still Young, Restless, and Jobless: The Growing Employment Malaise Among U.S. Teens and Young Adults,” Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University, January 2004, http://www.aypf.org/publications/stillyoungrestlessandjoblessreport.pdf.
40. Id.
41. Id.
42. Id.
43. Id.
44. Id.
45. Id.
46. Richard Fry, “A Rising Share of Young Adults Live in Their Parents’ Home,” Pew Research Social & Demographical Trends, August 1, 2013,
http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/08/01/a-rising-share-of-young-adults-live-in-their-parents-home/.
47. Id.
48. Id.
49. Id.
50. Steven Camarota and Karen Zeigler, “All Employment Growth Since 2000 Went to Immigrants,” Center for Immigration Studies, June 2014, http://cis.org/all-employment-growth-since-2000-went-to-immigrants (data derived and analyzed from Current Population Survey for the first quarters of 2000 and 2014).
51. Id.
52. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey,” http://data.bls.gov/pdq/SurveyOutputServlet.
53. Eric Ruark, “Generation Jobless—The Unemployment Crisis of Millennials,” Federation for American Immigration Reform, February 2014, http://www.fairus.org/DocServer/research-pub/Generation-Jobless_Feb2014_rev.pdf.
54. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Civilian labor force participation rates by age, sex, race, and ethnicity,” December 2013, http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/print.pl/emp/ep_table_303.htm.
55. Id.
56. Id.
57. Richard Fry, “A Rising Share of Young Adults Live in Their Parents’ Home,” Pew Research Social & Demographical Trends, August 1, 2013, http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/08/01/a-rising-share-of-young-adults-live-in-their-parents-home/.
58. Milton Friedman, “Illegal Immigration, Part 1,” Lecture, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3eyJIbSgdSE.
59. Samuel P. Huntington, Who Are We? The Challenges to America’s National Identity (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 219.
60. Robert Rector and Jason Richwine, Ph.D., “The Fiscal Cost of Unlawful Immigrants and Amnesty to the U.S. Taxpayer,” Heritage Foundation, May 6, 2013, http://thf_media.s3.amazonaws.com/2013/pdf/sr133.pdf.
61. Id.
62. Congressional Budget Office, “How Changes in Immigration Policy Might Affect the Federal Budget,” January 2015, http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/49868-Immigration.pdf.
63. Id.
64. Paul Lewis, “Congressman warns of ‘civil war’ among Democrats unless Obama acts on Immigration,” Guardian, November 3, 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/nov/03/luis-gutierrez-obama-civil-war-deportation-immigration. Eric Kayne, “Census: White majority in U.S. gone by 2043,” NBC News, June 13, 2013, http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/06/13/18934111-census-white-majority-in-us-gone-by-2043.