27. Gathagan: “ ‘Mother of Heroes, Most Beautiful of Mothers’ ”
28. Recueil de travaux d’érudition dédiés à la mémoire de Julien Havet
29. Fettu: Queen Matilda; Ducarel; Strickland. I can find no record of what happened to Matilda’s ring, which is presumably lost. The name “Anne” was used in France for both men and women.
30. Duffy
31. Ducarel; Borman
32. Orderic Vitalis; William of Malmesbury
33. Recueil de travaux d’érudition dédiés à la mémoire de Julien Havet
34. Orderic Vitalis
35. Rudborne, who drew on many earlier sources.
36. The Anglo-Latin Satirical Poets
PART TWO: MATILDA OF SCOTLAND
1. “Casting Off the Veil of Religion”
1. Orderic Vitalis
2. William of Malmesbury
3. Orderic Vitalis; Crouch: The Normans
4. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
5. Turgot
6. William of Malmesbury
7. Huneycutt: Matilda of Scotland
8. Orderic Vitalis
9. Ibid.
10. Eadmer
11. Ibid.
12. Orderic Vitalis
13. Hilton: Queens Consort
14. Yorke
15. There are theories that Christina also transferred to Wilton, but William of Malmesbury states that she grew old at Romsey.
16. William of Malmesbury
17. Eadmer
18. Hollister
19. Herman of Tournai
20. Mason: William II
21. Orderic Vitalis
22. Sharpe; Huneycutt: Matilda of Scotland
23. Mason: William II
24. Herman of Tournai
25. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; Simeon of Durham; John of Worcester
26. Eadmer; Herman of Tournai
27. The text continues: “to Earl [sic] Alan, who stood by,” but this is an error, as Alan was dead by then.
28. Eadmer
29. Huneycutt: Matilda of Scotland
30. Orderic Vitalis
31. Ibid.; Southern: St Anselm and His Biographer
32. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
33. Orderic Vitalis
34. Turgot
35. Ibid.
36. Early Sources of Scottish History
37. Orderic Vitalis, cited by Huneycutt: Matilda of Scotland
38. Anselm of Aosta: The Letters of St Anselm of Canterbury; O’Brien O’Keeffe
39. William of Malmesbury
40. Ibid.
41. Orderic Vitalis
2. “Her Whom He so Ardently Desired”
1. William of Malmesbury
2. Orderic Vitalis
3. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; William of Malmesbury
4. William of Malmesbury; Orderic Vitalis; Alexander, Archdeacon of Salisbury, in Tracts of the Exchequer, in Gervase of Tilbury
5. Henry of Huntingdon; Marbodius, Bishop of Rennes; Paris; William of Malmesbury
6. Orderic Vitalis
7. Eadmer
8. Hollister; Hilton: Queens Consort
9. William of Malmesbury
10. Barrow; Huneycutt: Matilda of Scotland; Hilton: Queens Consort. For example, Matilda gave the church of Carham-on-Tweed to Durham Cathedral.
11. Liber Monasterii de Hyde
12. Boutemy
13. Peter of Blois
14. William of Malmesbury
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Henry of Huntingdon
18. William of Malmesbury
19. Henry of Huntingdon
20. Orderic Vitalis
21. Clare
22. Wace
23. Henry of Huntingdon
24. William of Malmesbury
25. Orderic Vitalis
26. William of Malmesbury
3. “A Matter of Controversy”
1. Eadmer
2. William of Malmesbury
3. Eadmer
4. Herman of Tournai
5. Eadmer
6. Ibid.
7. The archbishops of Canterbury did not adopt Lambeth as their London residence until c.1200; prior to that, it was a manor of St. Andrew’s cathedral priory in Rochester, and Rochester Cathedral was then the priory church. It may not have been a coincidence that Reynelm, a priest of Rochester, served as Edith’s chancellor before being preferred to the see of Hereford in 1102 (Eadmer).
8. Eadmer
9. William of Malmesbury
10. Eadmer
11. Ibid.; Lanfranc
12. Eadmer
13. William of Malmesbury
14. Eadmer
15. Herman of Tournai
4. “Godric and Godgifu”
1. Eadmer
2. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
3. Westminster Abbey was not then established as the royal marriage church, as it is now. It was possibly the scene of two other medieval royal weddings, those of Richard III and Henry VII, although they may have taken place in St. Stephen’s Chapel in Westminster Palace. The modern tradition was established only in 1919.
4. Eadmer
5. Huneycutt: Matilda of Scotland
6. Ibid.; Huneycutt: “ ‘Another Esther in Our Times’ ”
7. Huneycutt: Matilda of Scotland
8. Eadmer
9. Huneycutt: Matilda of Scotland
10. Crouch: The Normans
11. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; Eadmer. Orderic Vitalis states that Matilda was crowned by Gérard, Archbishop of York, but he may only have assisted.
12. English Coronation Records; Green: Henry I
13. The Life of King Edward who rests at Westminster
14. Andrew of Wyntoun
15. Hildebert of Lavardin: Carmina Minora
16. Hildebert of Lavardin: “Letters”
17. Eadmer
18. William of Malmesbury
19. Eadmer
20. Aird
21. Map
22. Orderic Vitalis
23. Cited Rose: Kings in the North
24. William of Malmesbury
25. Letter 15 in Appendix II
5. “Another Esther in Our Own Time”
1. Hardying
2. By Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and Robert of Gloucester, for example.
3. Herbert de Losinga
4. Aelred of Rievaulx: “Genealogia regum Anglorum”
5. Dark
6. Thompson and Stevens
7. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154; Hilton: Queens Consort; Wertheimer; Huneycutt: Matilda of Scotland. Only two of Matilda’s original charters survive.
8. Crouch: The Normans
9. William of Malmesbury
10. John of Worcester
11. Hardying
12. Letter 4 in Appendix II
13. Leland
14. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154
15. Chroniques Anglo-Normandes
16. Henry of Huntingdon
17. The History of the King’s Works
18. The original roof was replaced by the present hammerbeam roof at the end of the fourteenth century.
19. Steane
20. Hilton: Queens Consort
21. Stow: The Survey of London
22. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154
23. Flete; Huneycutt: “ ‘Proclaiming her dignity abroad’ ”
24. William of Malmesbury
25. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154
26. William of Malmesbury
27. Könsgen
28. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154. Henry and Matilda also conceived the idea of enlarging the small Cluniac priory at Montacute in Somerset, founded between 1091 and 1102, but this plan came to nothing.
29. Latzke
30. Hilton: Queens Consort; Huneycutt: Matilda of Scotland
31. Heslop
32. Marbodius, Bishop of Rennes
6. “Lust for Glory”
1. “Cons
titutio Domus Regis”; Green: The Government of England under Henry I; Warren: The Governance of Norman and Angevin England; Richardson and Sayles
2. Hedley
3. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154
4. Hedley
5. Cotton MS. Vespasian B. X, f.11v, British Library
6. Huneycutt: Matilda of Scotland
7. Capgrave: The Book of the Illustrious Henries
8. William of Malmesbury
9. Lawson
10. Abbot of Malmesbury in the seventh century.
11. Könsgen
12. Hollister
13. Huneycutt: “ ‘Proclaiming her dignity abroad’ ”
7. “The Common Mother of All England”
1. Letters of Royal and Illustrious Ladies
2. Letter 5 in Appendix II
3. Letter 6 in Appendix II
4. Turgot
5. Labargé
6. Houts: “Latin Poetry and the Anglo-Norman Court”
7. Letter 7 in Appendix II
8. Letter 8 in Appendix II
9. Ivo of Chartres
10. Letter 9 in Appendix II
11. Hildebert of Lavardin: “Letters”
12. Chronicon Monasterii de Abingdon
13. The First Register of Norwich Cathedral Priory
14. Letter 10 in Appendix II
15. Herbert de Losinga
16. The Cartulary of Holy Trinity, Aldgate
17. Hardying
18. Ronzani
19. Turgot
20. William of Malmesbury
21. Aelred of Rievaulx: “Eulogium Davidis Regis Scotorum”; Huneycutt: Matilda of Scotland. William of Malmesbury, Robert of Gloucester and the annalist of Matilda’s foundation of Holy Trinity, Aldgate, all recount the same episode.
8. “Most Noble and Royal on Both Sides”
1. Wace; Gervase of Canterbury
2. Wace; Chroniques de Normandie
3. Wace; Chroniques de Normandie; Orderic Vitalis; William of Malmesbury
4. William of Malmesbury
5. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154
6. John of Worcester
7. William of Malmesbury. It is sometimes asserted that Eustace and Mary married in 1096, but he was away at that time, acquitting himself heroically as one of the leaders of the First Crusade.
8. Tanner: “Between Scylla and Charybdis”
9. Gesta Stephani
10. The Early Charters of the Augustinian Canons of Waltham Abbey
11. Bermondsey did not become an abbey until 1399.
12. Huneycutt: Matilda of Scotland
13. Chronicon Monasterii de Abingdon
14. Victoria County History: Berkshire
15. Eulogy by Peter Moraunt, monk of Malmesbury, 1140, in Chronicon Monasterii de Abingdon
16. John of Worcester
17. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154; Huneycutt: Matilda of Scotland
18. Cited Licence
19. Chronicon Monasterii de Abingdon; www.suttoncourtenay.co.uk; www.sclhs.org.uk; Fletcher: Sutton Courtenay
20. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which records that her daughter was eight years and fifteen days old when she left England at the beginning of Lent 1110 to be married.
21. Gervase of Canterbury; Crouch: The Normans; Morris
22. Or Adelaide. John of Hexham calls her both Aaliz and Adela.
23. Corpus Christi College MS. 373
24. Chibnall: The Empress Matilda
9. “Daughter of Archbishop Anselm”
1. Vaughn
2. Hugh the Chanter
3. Vaughn
4. Anselm of Aosta: S. Anselmi Cantuariensis archiepiscopi opera omnia
5. Hilton: Queens Consort
6. Letter 18 in Appendix II
7. Letter 11 in Appendix II
8. Letter 12 in Appendix II
9. Schmitt, in Anselm of Aosta: S. Anselmi Cantuariensis archiepiscopi opera omnia
10. “Reprove, Beseech, Rebuke”
1. Henry of Huntingdon
2. His approximate date of birth has been estimated from the fact that, on 23 November, the Pope wrote to Henry congratulating him on the birth of a son. William was not Maud’s younger twin, as was suggested by Rössler: William of Malmesbury states that they were born at different times, and other evidence supports that.
3. William of Malmesbury
4. The Life of Gundulf, Bishop of Rochester
5. William of Malmesbury
6. Ibid.
7. Letter 13 in Appendix II
8. Anselm of Aosta: S. Anselmi Cantuariensis archiepiscopi opera omnia; Epistolae: Medieval Women’s Latin Letters
9. Letter 14 in Appendix II
10. Anselm of Aosta: The Letters of St Anselm of Canterbury
11. Letters of Royal and Illustrious Ladies
12. Letter 15 in Appendix II
13. Letter 16 in Appendix II
14. Letter 17 in Appendix II
15. Letter 18 in Appendix II
11. “Incessant Greetings”
1. Wertheimer
2. Hilton: Queens Consort
3. Robert of Gloucester
4. Hildebert of Lavardin: “Letters”
5. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154
6. Huneycutt: Matilda of Scotland
7. Chronicon Monasterii de Abingdon; Keats-Rohan; Huneycutt: Matilda of Scotland
8. Chronicon Monasterii de Abingdon; Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154
9. William of Malmesbury
10. Eadmer
11. Ibid.
12. Letter 19 in Appendix II
13. Huneycutt: “ ‘Proclaiming her dignity abroad’ ”
14. Letter 20 in Appendix II
15. Eadmer
16. Huneycutt: Matilda of Scotland
17. Farrer. Kingsbury Square is on the site.
18. Anselm of Aosta: S. Anselmi Cantuariensis archiepiscopi opera omnia
19. Ibid.
20. Letter 21 in Appendix II
21. Letters of Royal and Illustrious Ladies
22. Letter 22 in Appendix II
23. Eadmer
12. “Pious Devotion”
1. This Latin title was the equivalent of the Saxon “Atheling.”
2. Orderic Vitalis
3. Anselm of Aosta: S. Anselmi Cantuariensis archiepiscopi opera omnia
4. Letter 23 in Appendix II
5. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154
6. Adelard of Bath. It is also possible that the Queen he played for was Adelaide of Maurienne, wife of Louis VI of France.
7. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
8. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154
9. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
10. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154
11. Around 1110, the monks of Tynemouth built a chapel dedicated to the Holy Trinity at Old Bewick; a woman’s effigy in that church was once thought to be Matilda’s, but in fact it dates from the fourteenth century.
12. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154
13. Tyerman
14. Herbert de Losinga
15. Munimenta Gildhallae Londoniensis. The dock was in use until the twentieth century, and survives today, but is heavily silted up.
16. Stow, in A Survey of London, says around 1117.
17. Hilton: Queens Consort
18. Victoria County History: Middlesex
19. Stow: A Survey of London. The church was rebuilt in 1628, and again in 1730.
20. Labargé
21. Weever
22. Stow: A Survey of London
23. Manning and Bray, who cite a lost document of 1239 relating to an inquiry into the maintenance of the bridge.
24. Hilton: Queens Consort
25. Green: Henry I
26. The first was at Colchester, founded in 1096. In the fourteenth century, the Anonimalle Chronicle of York claimed that “Henry I, because of the industry and counsel of Qu
een Matilda, placed regular canons in the church of Carlisle.” In 1102, Henry had given land in Carlisle for the purpose of founding a religious house, which may have been at Matilda’s behest, although there is no contemporary evidence for it—but the priory of Augustine canons that became Carlisle Cathedral in 1133 was not established until 1122.
27. The Cartulary of Holy Trinity, Aldgate
28. Green: Henry I
29. The Cartulary of Holy Trinity, Aldgate. These amounted to £25.
30. Stow: A Survey of London
31. The Cartulary of Holy Trinity, Aldgate; Huneycutt: Matilda of Scotland
32. Labargé
33. Green: Henry I
34. Brooke and Keir
35. Roberts: “Llanthony Priory, Monmouthshire”
36. Atkyns; Norton: England’s Queens; Huneycutt: Matilda of Scotland
13. “A Girl of Noble Character”
1. Henry of Huntingdon; Robert of Torigni
2. Heinrich IV had died in 1106.
3. Anselm of Aosta: Sancti Anselmi Opera omnia
4. Bibliotheca Rerum Germanicarum; Hollister; Leyser: Medieval Germany and Its Neighbours
5. The Cartulary of Holy Trinity, Aldgate
6. Henry of Huntingdon
7. Ibid.
8. Ingulph
9. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
10. Ibid.
11. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154
12. Tyerman says she later recalled being beaten regularly by a terrifying aunt, but she has apparently been confused with her mother.
13. Corpus Christi College MS. 373
14. Henry of Huntingdon
15. Robert of Torigni
16. Orderic Vitalis
17. He is sometimes confused with Henry I’s nephew, Henry of Blois, who later became bishop of Winchester.
18. Orderic Vitalis
19. Foliot
20. Robert of Torigni
21. Annales Patherbrunnenses
22. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
23. Robert of Torigni
24. Leyser: Medieval Germany and Its Neighbours; Hollister; Oorkondenbock van het Sticht Utrecht tot 1302
25. Robert of Torigni
26. Truax
27. Chibnall: The Empress Matilda
28. Robert of Torigni