Gridley, Col., 401–2
grizzly bear, 136–45
groundfish, 206, 212–13, 215, 216, 222
grouse, 102
Grzimek, Bernard, 472
guillemot, 34, 52–53
Gulf of Bothnia, 114
Gulf of Maine, 5, 27, 54, 101, 117, 245, 282
Gulf of Mexico, 28, 80, 167, 169, 179, 240, 263, 284, 306
Gulf of St. Lawrence, 4–6, 57, 389–91, 435
beluga whales in, 350–53, 356–57
birds in, 26, 27–34, 36, 80, 99
cod in, 208, 209, 390
fish in, 205, 219–21, 226, 229, 389, 390
fishing industry in, 13, 214, 221
grey seals in, 390, 410–11, 413–16
ice seals in, 436–39, 456
porpoises in, 345–47
seal hunt in, 464–65, 491–92, 520
walrus in, 389–403
whales in, 261, 262, 264, 284, 290–91, 319, 343, 390
whaling in, 269, 271, 286, 291–93, 297, 311
white bear in, 116–17, 119–20, 128
gulls, 18, 34, 52
guns. See firearms
Gunson, John, 202
habitat destruction
of birds, 52, 57–58, 80–81, 93, 515
of fish, 219, 227, 228–29, 236, 248
of fur-bearing animals, 152, 154
of grizzly bear, 145
of whales, 278, 306
haddock, 210, 213–14, 244, 517
hake, 517
Hakluyt, Richard, 23, 116, 171, 393
Haldiman, Lieut., 397–98, 400–402
Haliburton, Thomas, 416
halibut, 6, 205, 215, 218, 517
Hamilton Inlet, 142, 190, 417, 442, 445
harbour porpoise, 344–45, 349
harbour seal (dotar), 376, 408–11, 414, 417–20
extermination of, 425–26, 486, 494
as scapegoat, 417–20, 426–27
white bear and, 119, 125
harlequin duck, 95
Harp and Hood Seal Protocol, 481
Harper, Francis, 144
Harpoon Cape, 264
harpoons, 259, 283
explosive, 271–72, 312–13, 315, 319, 332, 334, 338, 361–63, 518
harp seal, 6, 119, 338, 376, 409, 416, 421, 436–53. See also beaters; bedlamers; ice seals; raggedy-jackets; whitecoats
extermination of, 417, 429, 450–52, 511
killing of, 442, 447–49
migration of, 436–37, 440, 442
on moulting patches, 439–40, 450, 464
as scapegoat, 425
skin of, 439, 443
as source of oil, 440, 443
on whelping patches, 438–39, 444–49, 452, 456–61, 465, 479, 492
Hawkes Harbour, 322, 337n
hawks, 104, 105, 111
Hayes, Edward, 30
heath hen, 102–3
Henry III of England, 114–15
Henry IV of France, 386, 388
Henry VII of England, 183
herbicides, 105, 106, 515
Herjolfsson, Bjarni, 380
Hermitage Bay, 312, 314, 321
herons, 98, 99–100, 407
herring, 36, 209, 218–21, 517
as whale food, 308, 334, 335, 352
herring gull, 52
Higginson, Francis, 179, 249
History of Nantucket (Macy), 286
Holland, 285–86, 295–97, 299, 332, 458
Holt, Sydney, 511–12
hood seal, 119, 376, 409, 416, 454–57. See also bluebacks; ice seals
extermination of, 429, 455–56, 511
as scapegoat, 425
survival of, 500n
on whelping patches, 454, 456–61, 464, 479
Hopewell, 394–95
Hore, Master, 23–24, 99, 116
horsehead. See grey seal (horsehead)
horses, wild, 369, 373
Horwood, Harold, 142, 253, 331, 455, 465
Hudson, Henry, 295
Hudson, W.H., 89
Hudson Bay, 111, 403
lowlands of, 127, 134
whales in, 284, 287–91, 302–4, 354–56
Hudsonian curlew. See whimbrel
Hudsonian godwit, 78–79
Hudson River, 171, 239
Hudson’s Bay Company, 64, 140–42, 303, 354
Hughes, Tom, 477
Humane Society, 471, 474, 477, 496
humpback whale, 271, 309–12, 330, 337, 343
extermination of, 324, 326
killing of, 310–11, 321
protection of, 339, 341n
Hunter, Martin, 142
hunting, 120, 128–29, 194. See also commercial hunting; poaching; sport hunting; specific animals
of birds, 51, 53–54, 81–82
Hut Island, 422
ibises, 98, 99
Iceland, 41–43, 114, 261, 284, 331n, 362, 381
ice seals, 376. See also harp seal; hood seal; whitecoats
extermination of, 458–60, 463–65, 469–70, 475–76, 487–92, 496, 499–500, 520–21
killing of, 460, 467–69, 477, 482–85
Île aux Coudres, 233, 351, 353, 396
Île des Démons, 116–17
Île Madame, 392
India, 166
Indian Ocean, 273, 326
Ingram, David, 28, 117, 169–70
insecticides. See pesticides
International Commission for the North Atlantic Fishery (ICNAF), 475–76, 479, 481–82, 489, 490. See also North Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO)
International Convention on Trade in Endangered Species, 428
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, 425
International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW), 479, 483, 490, 495, 501–4, 512
violence towards, 497, 506, 509
International Whaling Commission, 233, 275, 279, 339, 342, 364, 519
Inuit, 160, 187, 194, 441
and birds, 20, 60–61
and caribou, 143, 194
and grizzly bear, 139, 143–44
as sealers, 441, 450
and walrus, 404–5
as whalers, 259, 298, 305–6, 357–58, 518
Ireland, 432
isinglass, 77, 235
Islefsson, Sigurdur, 43
ivory
market for, 387–88, 400, 404, 406
medicinal use of, 358, 394
jack curlew. See whimbrel
jack snipe, 84
James, Thomas, 168
James Bay, 126–27, 134
Jan Mayen Island, 295, 458
Japan
fishing by, 211, 221, 241–43, 254
as market for marine products, 222, 241–43, 275, 338, 363, 364
as market for pelts, 114, 134, 505, 511
whaling by, 275, 279, 332, 341, 342, 364, 519
Jasper National Park, 149
John A. Macdonald, 498–99
Josselyn, John, 28, 101, 150, 232, 235, 352
Jukes, J.B., 447–49
Kamchatka, 128, 274
Karlsefni. See Thorfinn Karlsefni
Karlsen, Karl, 338, 341, 363, 463–65, 475, 482, 483, 496–97
Karlsen Shipping Company, 338, 464, 497
Kean, Abraham, 450
Kennedy, William, 141
Ketilsson, Ketil, 43
killer whale. See orca (killer whale)
kittiwake, 15, 18, 48, 52, 513
knot, 83–84
Korea, 134, 278, 279
krill, 254, 307, 308. See also plankton
Kurdistan, 56
Kuril Islands, 114, 128
Kyokuyo Hogei, 339
Labrador, 46, 80, 187–88, 403
bears in, 121–24, 129–30, 139–45
fish in, 210–11, 226
fur-bearing animals in, 151, 152, 159, 188–89, 190
sealing in, 457, 469
whaling in, 257–61, 264–68, 292–94, 297–99
Labrador duck, 96–97
Lac St-Jean, 117
Lahontan, Louis-Armand, Baron de, 101, 119, 153, 162, 208
Lake Champlain, 234
Lake Ontario, 228, 234, 410
lake sturgeon, 234, 235
Lancaster South, 56
Lark Island, 26
La Roche, Marguerite de, 116
La Roche, Troilus de, 386
La Ronde, Louis Denys de, 195
La Salle, René Robert, Sieur de, 172
laughing gull, 52
Laurin, Jean, 354
Lavigne, David, 482, 507
Lawrence, Jesse, 415
Leach’s storm petrel, 49
least sandpiper, 75
leather, 165–66, 174
from beluga whales, 350, 355
from buffalo, 166
from walrus, 379–80, 400
leatherback turtle, 234
LeBlanc, Roméo, 427–29, 485–92, 494, 511
LeClercq, Chrestien, 182
Leefe, John, 432–33
Leif Eriksson, 224
Leigh, Charles, 207, 249, 394–95
Lescarbot, Marc, 30
lesser yellowlegs, 85–86
Liberal Party of Canada, 487, 504, 509, 512
Life Histories of North American Shorebirds (Bent), 34, 83
The Life History and Ecology of the Gray Whale (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service), 279
Lillie, Harry, 450
lobster, 244, 246, 249–53
loggerhead turtle, 234
Lok, John, 169
long-billed curlew, 75–76
Long Island, 67, 88, 272, 285–87
loon, 97–98, 223
Lowe, A.P., 142, 190
lynx, 182–85
MacEachen, Allan, 504
MacKay, Barry Kent, 492–94
Mackay, George, 83
MacKenzie, Deborah, 517
mackerel, 36, 218–21, 347. See also tuna
mackerel shark (porbeagle), 216
Maclean, John, 141
Macy, Obadiah, 286
Macy, Thomas, 286
Magdalen Islands, 78, 116, 207, 246, 392–97, 400–403
great auk in, 24
sealing in, 471, 506, 509
seals in, 6, 412, 414, 415, 416, 422, 429
walrus in, 391–92, 406
Maine, 163–64, 411
Malcolm, Heather, 356
mallard, 93
Malouf, Albert, 511
The Mammals of Canada (Banfield), 292
Mammals of North America (Cahalane), 190–92
Manana Island, 28
manatee, 233
Manitoba, 111, 134, 136, 159, 354–56. See also Churchill
Mansfield, Arthur, 425
Manuel I of Portugal, 391
marbled godwit, 78
Marigold, 26, 99, 188, 411
markets
and the environment, 333–34
for marine products, 221–22, 240–44, 275–76, 338
for pelts, 114, 134, 505, 511
for seal products, 490, 492–96, 500
for sealskin, 443, 451, 455–57, 466–70, 478, 481–82, 488, 495–96, 505
for whale products, 259, 363, 364
marten, 151–52, 157, 162
Martha’s Vineyard, 103
Martyr, Peter, 207
Mary Margaret, 280, 293
Mason, John, 31, 208
Massachusetts Bay, 82, 262, 388
Mather, Richard, 261–62
Mavericke, Samuel, 286
Mayflower, 261
McDonald’s, 493, 504
McKay, James, 175–76
McKenzie, Peter, 142–43
McNally, Robert, 275, 333
Mecatina Islands, 116
Melville, Herman, 327
Menendez, Pedro, 168
Mercer, M.C., 486
Mercier, Yvon, 499
Merriam, C. Hart, 137–39
Merrimac River, 235
Micmac people, 26
fishing by, 231, 246–47, 352
and seals, 413, 415, 430
as trappers, 151, 163
Migratory Birds Convention Act (1917), 95, 96
Millais, J.G., 315–24
Mingan Islands, 396, 441
mink, 162, 354–55, 371–73
minke whale, 308, 325, 337, 363–66
extermination of, 338–43, 362
uses of, 325, 363, 365, 373
Mink Island, 164
Minnesota, 196, 202
Miramichi River, 225, 231, 238
Miscou Island, 72, 391, 396, 414, 415, 430
Moisie River, 410
Monhegan Island, 28
monk seal, 411n
Montagnais people, 140
Moodie, Inspector, 303–4
moose, 145, 154, 170, 172, 174, 180
Moose Factory, 77
Moravian missions, 121, 140, 141, 142, 143
Morgan, James, 496, 511
Mother Carey’s chicken. See petrels
mountain goat, 145
mountain lion. See cougar
mountain sheep, 145
Mowat, Farley, 197, 325n, 340–41
and seal hunt, 427, 429–30, 438, 450, 474, 477, 478
Mowat Environmental Institute, 515
muktuk, 355. See also blubber
Munk, Jens, 121
murres, 15, 18, 24, 32–33, 52–54
fishing and, 46, 55–56, 58
Muscongus Bay, 27
Muscovy Company, 280, 384–85
Muskeget Island, 83, 422
mussels, 153, 246, 247, 378, 513
Nansen, Fridtjof, 358–61
Nantucket Island, 66, 81, 88, 283, 286
Narjes, Karl-Heinz, 495
narwhal, 357–58
Nascopie people, 60, 72, 124, 140, 144
net fishing, 346–47, 351–52. See also commercial fishing
of seals, 441, 442, 447, 449, 457, 460, 469, 473
Netherlands. See Holland
Nettleship, David, 49, 53
New Brunswick, 27
fish in, 227, 231, 247
fur-bearing animals in, 146, 151, 154–57, 159, 164, 185
pollution in, 106, 155–57, 349
seals in, 408, 432
New Brunswick Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, 473
New Chelsea, 135
New England, 36, 156
birds in, 28, 65–68, 99, 101
fish in, 221, 225–29, 234–36, 237, 249, 252
fishing industry in, 46, 209, 221
fur-bearing animals in, 146, 150–52, 159, 162, 183
marine animals in, 233, 346, 352, 388, 411–12
pollution in, 239, 248
predators in, 179, 185–86, 195
shellfish in, 246, 248
shorebirds in, 81–84, 86, 88–89
whalers from, 269–73, 281, 297–300, 30
9–10
whaling in, 285–87
Newfoundland and Labrador, 6, 53–54, 106, 187–88, 435
Basque whalers in, 257–58, 264–67
birds in, 36–37, 49, 62–64, 77–78, 101, 103–4, 105
fish in, 207, 209–10, 220–22, 246, 248–52
fishing industry in, 45–46, 55–56, 209–16, 226
fur-bearing animals in, 151–53, 162–63, 183–84, 188–89, 190–91
great auk in, 26, 32, 37, 39–40
Norsemen in, 24, 115, 434–35
and seal hunt, 486, 496, 502, 520
sealing in, 411, 443–45, 448–56, 458–62, 464
whales in, 271, 342, 343
whaling in, 297, 311–12, 314–21, 330, 334–36, 364–73
white bear in, 117–19, 129–30, 134–35
wolves in, 195–96
Newfoundland Industrial Development Service, 220
New Harbour, 370
New York Times, 509
New York Zoological Society, 173
Noddy Island, 27
Norsemen, 5, 8, 16, 115, 392, 434–35
North Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO), 489, 490–91, 494, 508
North Atlantic Ocean
harp seals in, 436–40
whales in, 271–73, 277, 329–32
Northern B.C. Guides Association, 198
northern gannet, 49–50
North Pacific Ocean, 130, 404–5
black right whale in, 273–74, 277
bowhead whale in, 293, 300–301, 303, 304–5
grey whale in, 277, 279, 326
North Sea, 380, 383
Northumberland Strait, 267, 389, 390, 392, 396, 401, 421, 422
Northwest River, 151
Northwest Territories, 74, 145
Norumbega, 169–71, 386
Norway, 57
and fishing, 229, 241
and seal hunt, 458, 463–66, 469–73, 475–76
and whaling, 279, 303–21, 325–30, 332, 334, 337–39, 361–65, 368, 519
and white bear, 114, 132–33
Notre Dame Bay, 443, 445
Nova Scotia, 193
birds in, 27–28, 32, 65
fish in, 210, 228, 230–31, 243, 247, 248, 250
fur-bearing animals in, 151–52, 154–57, 159, 162, 185, 186–87
marine animals in, 345, 396
pollution in, 106, 349
seals in, 411, 412, 420–21, 432–33, 464
whales in, 311, 352
Nova Scotia Department of Lands and Forests, 185
ocean perch. See redfish
Octher, 380
Offer Rock, 26, 335
oil (petroleum) industry, 306, 389, 423, 515
oil, marine. See train oil
Okak Bay, 143
Old Shop, 370
Olsen Whaling and Sealing Company, 337n
Ommanney, F.D., 313, 327
Ontario, 134, 159, 181, 185, 228. See also Lake Ontario
Ontario Humane Society, 474, 477