Picasso, Pablo
Picos de Europa
Pina
Pindoque bridge
Pingarrón
Pinilla, Colonel
Pino
Pita Romero, General
Pius XI, Pope, (Cardinal Achilles Ratti)
Pius XII, Pope, see Pacelli, Cardinal
Pla y Daniel, Bishop of Salamanca
Plymouth, Ivor Earl of
PNV
police, secret under NKVD control, development of, under Franco
Polish volunteers
Ponte y Manso de Zúniga, General Miguel
Pontevedra
Ponzán, Francisco
Popular Front, in government, targeted for killings, salute, political strategy, attempts to revive, torn apart, opposition to Negrín, destruction of
Popular Olympiad
Popular School of War
Port Mahon
Port-Bou
Portela Valladares, Manuel
Portero, Antonia
Portugal, role in Spanish Civil War, recognizes Franco government, ammunition supplied from
post-traumatic stress disorder, see battle shock
Poudreries et Cartoucheries Helléniques SA
POUM, founded, and Trotsky, and defence of Republic, increased strength, attacked by Fourth International, and militias, foreign volunteers and, vetoed by Soviets, conflict with communists, declared illegal and leaders arrested, losses in action, leader freed, stronghold falls, trial of leaders
Pound, Ezra
Pozas Perea, General Sebastián, and battle of Jarama, squabble with Miaja, commands Aragón front and Army of the East
Pozuelo de Alarcón
Prada Vaquero, Colonel Adolfo
Prados, Pedro (head of naval staff)
Prague
Prat de Llobregat
Prats de Molló
Pravda
press, Catholic, censorship, Catalan, nationalist, French, communist, under Franco, in Barcelona, see also journalists
priests, killed, in nationalist areas, in Basque country, at surrender of Madrid, under Franco
Prieto, Horacio
Prieto y Tuero, Indalecio, in Republican government, and revolt against Second Republic, political alliances, impeaches president and invasion of Balearics, and gold reserves, and Largo Caballero government, and communists, and ‘events of May’, and republican power struggle, and Negrín government, fury at Mera’s complaints, response to bombardment of Almería, and Aragón offensive, and northern front, and SIM, and International Brigades, and battle of Teruel, acts to limit communists, pessimism and realism, end of friendship with Negrín, leaves government, in opposition to Negrín, continues political struggle in exile
Primo de Rivera, José Antonio, founds Falange, imprisoned, bodyguards killed, role in coupétat, romanticism, imprisoned, executed, rumours concerning , political philosophy, Franco’s homage to
Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja, General Miguel
Primo de Rivera, Miguel
prisoners: treatment by Falange, British, treatment by Basques, held by SIM, executed in Gijón, drafted into nationalist army, pose problem for Franco, drafted by republicans, from International Brigades, in battle of Catalonia, from fall of Catalonia, exchanges, under Franco, in Nazi camps
propaganda, republican campaign becomes effective, and alleged Nazi involvement in coupe´tat, cultural, and International Brigades, and effect on military tactics, Stalinist, about republican operations, effectiveness of communist, under Franco, failing impact
prostitution
Proudhon, Pierre Joseph
PSOE (Partido Socialista Obrero Español), founded, general strike, largest party in Popular Front, Catalan arm merges into PSUC, union with Communist Party, in exile
PSU (Partido Socialista Unificado)
PSUC (Partit Socialista Unificat de Catalunya), formation, and defence of Republic, and militias, Comintern supervision, foreign volunteers and, and ‘events of May’ , establishes guerrilla army
Puche, Dr José
Puente, Enrique
Puig de l’Àliga
Puigcerdá
Puigdengolas Ponce de León, Colonel Ildefonso
Putz, Colonel Joseph
Pyrenees
Quakers
Quarto (Italian warship)
Quiepo de Llano, General Gonzalo, role in military rising, Freemasonry, broadcasts, and political killings, politics, administrative ability, and Franco’s rise to power, advance on Andújar, control of Andalucia, and bombing of Guernica, development of Andalucian trade, advances in west, loses power base, cult of virility and death
Quijorna
Quiñones de León, José María
Quintela, Eduardo
Quinto
Rada, Colonel
Radical Party
radio, Quiepo de Llano, broadcasts, propaganda on
Raeder, Admiral Erich
Read, Herbert
Reconquista
Red Army, purged, in Ukraine, personnel in Spain, lack of care for troops, Berlin operation, III Rifle Corps, Kronstadt sailors and, intelligence, tactics, failings, defeats, Wehrmacht, Spanish republicans serving with
Red Cross
Red Help International
Redondo y Ortega, Onésimo
reforma agraria
refugees, in Gibraltar, leave republican Spain, conditions of, enlisted in Second World War
Regler, Gustav
regulares (Moroccan troops), role in coupétat, looting and rape, atrocities, made ‘honorary Christians’, in attack on Madrid, in battle of Corunna road, deployment, in Jarama offensive, in Brunete offensive, in Aragón offensive, loot Barcelona, participate in victory parade, hunt down guerrillas
Renau, Josep
Renovación Española
Republic, see Spanish Republic
República, see Navarra
republican air force, depleted, and battle of Ebro, surrender, ineffectiveness
republican army(People’s Army): formation, leadership, military theory, strength, command, structure, commissars, Stakhanovite mentality, tactics compared with Basques, communist influence, morale, communications, paranoia, reaction against communist influence, inflexible strategy, recriminations among leadership, depoliticization, improved tactics, destruction, reconstituted, reductions in foreign personnel, rearguard actions, surrenders
republican army formations:
Army of Andalucia
Army of Levante
Army of the Centre
Army of the East
Army of the Ebro
Army of Estremadura
Army of the Levante
Army of the North
I Corps
II Corps
III Corps
IV Corps
V Corps
XI Corps
XII Corps
XIII Corps
XIV Corps
XV Corps
XVIII Corps
XIX Corps
XX Corps
XXII Corps
XIV Guerrilla Corps
3rd Division
10th Division
11th Division (Líster’s)
12th Division
13th Division
14th Division (Mera’s)
15th Division (Gal’s)
25th Division (anarchist)
26th Division (anarchist)
27th (Carlos Marx) Division (PSUC)
28th Division (anarchist)
29th Division (POUM)
29th Division (POUM)
30th Division
34th Division
35th Division (Walter’s)
40th Division
42nd Division
43rd Division
44th Division
45th Division (Kléber’s)
46th Division (El Campesino’s)
54th Division
56th Division
64th Division
68th Division
69th Divisi
on
70th Division
204th Division
Lenin Division (POUM)
2nd Brigade
10th Brigade
17th Brigade
18th Brigade
70th Brigade
84th Mixed Brigade
119th Brigade
127th Brigade
206th Brigade
226th Brigade
5th Regiment
International Tank Regiment
Grey Wolves of La Pasionaria
8th Battalion (UGT)
122nd Battalion
136th Battalion
see also International Brigade units; militias
republican navy, see also Almirante Fernández; Almirante Valdés; Churruca; Císcar; Jaime I; Lepanto; Libertad; Méndez Núñez; Sánchez Barcaíztegui
see Carlists
Reus
revolutionary tribunals
ReyHarcourt, Colonel Domingo
Rheinmetall-Borsig
Rhineland
Ribbentrop, Joachim von
Ribbing, Colonel
Richthofen, Colonel Wolfram von, and attack on Madrid, and Málaga campaign, reputation, commands Luftwaffe operations, and battle of Jarama, and Basque campaign, and bombing of Guernica, and Brunete offensive, records tensions among nationalists, and battle of Teruel, and fall of Catalonia, records republican surrender, participates in victory parade
Ridruejo, Dionisio
Rieucros
Rincón, Count del
Rio Tinto Zinc
Rioja
Riquelme, General José
Roatta, General Mario and Málaga campaign, and battle of Jarama, replaced, admits bombing of Guernica
Robeson, Paul
Robles, José
Rodezno, Count of, (Tomás Domínguez Arévalo)
Rodimtsev, Aleksandr
Rodríguez, Melchor
Rodríguez del Barrio, General Ángel
Rodríguez Losada, Mario
Ródriguez Salas, Eusebi
Rodriguez Sastré, Antonio
Roehr, Captain
Rojas, Captain Manuel
Rojo, Colonel (later General) Vicente, and defence of Madrid, and battle of Jarama, and battle of Guadalajara, and Aragón offensive, promoted, and battle of Teruel, predicts fall of Barcelona, and battle of Ebro, bids farewell to International Brigades, and battle of Catalonia, concedes war
Rolfe, Edwin
Romanian volunteers
Romanones, Count de, (Alvaro de Figueroa y Torres)
Rome Catholic Church in, axis with Berlin, imperial
Romerales, General Manuel
Romero, Colonel Carlos
Romero Bassart, Colonel Luis
Romilly, Esmond
Ronda
Roosevelt, Daniel
Roosevelt, Franklin D.
Rosales, Luis
Rosenberg, George
Rosenberg, Marcel, and removal of Asensio Torrado, executed, comment on revolutions
Rosselli, Carlo
Rossi, Conte, (Arconovaldo Bonaccorsi)
Rossi, General
Rot Front
Rovira Canales, Colonel Josep
Royal Military Academy
Royal Navy, nationalist sympathies, intelligence, seealso HMS Blanche; HMS Brazen;HMS Devonshire; HMS Galatea; HMS Hardy; HMS Havock; HMS Hood; HMS Queen Elizabeth; HMS Woolwich
Ruiz Alonso, Ramón
Ruiz Funes, Mariano
Ruiz Ibárurri, Rubén
Ruiz Jiménez, Joaquín
Russell, Bertrand
Russia, Kerensky regime, pact with France, civil war, Bolshevik, atheist, see also Soviet Union
Russian Revolution
Sabadell-Reus
Sabaté Llopart, Francisco (‘El Quico’)
Sachsenhausen (concentration camp)
Sáenz de Buruaga y Polanco, Colonel Eduardo
Sagunto
Saint Jean de Luz
Saint-Cyprien
Saint-Exupéry, Antoine de
Sáinz Rodríguez, Pedro
Salamanca, province of, meeting of generals, Franco’s GHQ, Falangist fighting, bitterness against Britain
Salazar, Antonio de Oliveira
Salcedo Molinuevo, General Enrique
Saliquet Zumeta, General Andrés
saluting
Samper Ibáñez, Ricardo
San Blas
San Lorenzo del Escorial
San Martín de la Vega
San Martín de Valdeiglesias
San Sebastián, pact, military rising, falls to nationalists
Sánchez Barcaíztegui (republican destroyer)
Sánchez Ferragut, Captain
Sangroniz y Castro, José Antonio
Sanje, Hans
Sanjurjo, General failed coup, figurehead of coupétat, killed in air crash, and arms supplies
Sanjurjo (former Italian submarine)
Santa María de la Cabeza monastery
Santander, assassinations, military rising, war committee, military zone, council, retreat to and defence, guerrilla operations
Santoña
Saragossa, defence of general strike, Military Academy, ‘second city of anarchism’ military rising, anarchist conference, nationalist garrison reinforced, offensives against, anarchists revolt
Sayagüés, Prudencio
Sbert, Antonio María
Scandinavian volunteers
Schmidt, Paul
Schuschnigg, Dr Kurt von
Second Republic, see Spanish Republic (Second Republic)
Second World War, bomb loads, in relation to Spanish Civil War, air aces, Red Army in, outbreak of, Spanish neutrality
Segorbe
Segovia, Bishop of
Segovia offensive
Segre, River
Seguí, Colonel Juan
Segura y Sáenz, Cardinal Pedro
‘Seisdedos’ (anarchist)
Sender, Ramón J.
SERE, (Servicio de Emigración parta Republicanos Españoles)
Serge, Victor
Serra Bartolomé, Colonel Moisés
Serra, Patricio
Serrador, Colonel Ricardo
Serrano Súñer, Ramón, rise to power, spares Hedilla, role in Franco government, and reintegration of Barcelona, political career
Sert, José María
Sert, Josep Lluís
Servicio de Información Especial Antimasónico
Sesé, Antonio
Seseñ
Seven Seas Spray (ship)
Sevilla la Nueva
Seville, protests, Sanjurjo’s coup, province of, military rising, political killings, nationalist gathering, Franco establishes headquarters, cheers Wehrmacht, under Franco
Seville, Colonel the Duke of
shipping, republican
Shteingold, Emil
Sierra de Alcubierre
Sierra de Cavalls
Sierra de Espadan
Sierra de Guadarrama, defensive action, water and electricity supplies, offensive
Sierra de Javalambre
Sierra de Palomera
Sierra de Pándols
Sierra de Toro
Sierra do Eixe
Silva, José
Silvestre, General Fernández
SIM (Servicio de Investigación Militar), NKVD involvement in
Simpson, Mrs
Sino-Japanese war
SIPM (Servicio de Información Policía Militar)
Smushkevich, Yakov (General ‘Duglas’)
socialist realism
Socialist Youth, and feminism, battalions, communist infiltration, and ‘events of May’, collaboration with communists
Société ÉuropéeneÉtudes et Entreprises
Solchaga Zala, Colonel (later General) José
Solidaridad Obrera
Sommerfield, John
Somosierra pass
Soria
Soviet Union, Spanish links with, collectivization, role in Spanish Civil War, methods of accountin
g, and Euro-Communism, policies attacked, cities destroyed, spy mania, system of oppression, criticisms of, power of NKVD, purges and terror, Trotskyist sabotage, foreign policy, trains Spanish pilots, support for China, Spanish gold reserves shipped to, pact with Hitler, disengages with Republic, gives refuge to senior communists, parallels with Franco’s Spain, German invasion, republicans serving in, see also Russia
Spanish air force
Spanish army, strength, corruption, and Primo de Rivera, under Second Republic, reforms, role in coupétat, dissolved by decree, social composition, and development of militias, training, bureaucracy and conservatism, authoritarian values, patron saint
Spanish Communist Party (PCE), membership and strength, organization, middle class and, in Madrid, bid for power, military base, Comintern supervision, officers and, and Morocco, post-war, increased Soviet control, takes control of Socialist Youth, provides commissars, ambitions for republican Spain, in Basque country, and republican power struggle, writers and, infiltration of army command, and Brunete offensive, absorption of Socialist Party, and SIM, shifts blame for Teruel, and Negrín government, and departure of foreign communists, permits International Brigades to fight on, and continuation of war, leaders meet in Alicante, senior members in Soviet Union, plans reconquest of Spain
Spanish Foreign Legion, role in coupétat, organization, battle cry, conduct in Seville, invents Molotov cocktail, marching song, role in civil war, Italians in uniform of, in battle of Corunna road, strength, in Jarama offensive, anarchists drafted, and International Brigades, at battle of Teruel, in Aragón offensive, participates in victory parade, cult of virility and death
Spanish language
Spanish navy
Spanish Republic (First Republic)
Spanish Republic (Second Republic), declared, Constitution, revolt against, fifth anniversary parade, fails to resist military rising, military strength, foreign relations, collapse, zone of control, unity of, international support, leadership, international reputation, power struggle within, infected with paranoia, and ‘controlled democracy’, seeks compromise, communist power ends
Spanish–American War
Spender, Stephen
Spengler, Oswald
Sperrle, General Hugo
Stalin, Joseph, regime, portrait, decision to intervene in Spain, foreign policy, conspiracy complex, criticisms published, instructs Largo Caballero, plans for republican Spain, purges, and republican power struggle, and Negrín’s administration, pact with Hitler
Stalingrad, battle of, commanders, Richthofen and, compared with Teruel, tactics
Stanbrook (ship)
Standard Oil
Stashevsky, Artur
Steer, George
Steinbeck, John
‘Stepánov’, see Minéevich, Stoyán
Stevenson, R. C. S.
Straits of Gibraltar