266 Any kind of experiment: Ibid., p. 294.
266 “The doctor . . .”: Relevant to the discussion, the reader is reminded of the Oath of Hippocrates. It reads:
I swear by Apollo Physician, by Asclepius, by Health, by Panacea, and by all the gods and goddesses, making them my witnesses, that I will carry out, according to my ability and judgment, this oath and this indenture. . . . I will use treatment to help the sick according to my ability and judgment, but never with a view to injury or wrongdoing. . . . I will keep pure and holy both in my life and my art. In whatsoever house I enter, I will enter to help the sick, and I will abstain from all intentional wrongdoing and harm. . . . now if I carry out this oath, and break it not, may I gain forever reputation among all men for my life and for my art; but if I transgress it and forswear myself, may the opposite befall me.
265 “These people are already dead”: Attributed to Nazi doctor Karl Bunding, quoted in ibid., p. 47.
265 The Reich Committee: Ibid., p. 70.
265 Liberating therapy for the race: Ibid., p. 26.
265 Trivialization: Ibid., p. 57.
265 Expansion of categories: Ibid., p. 56. “Excessive zeal” was widespread, excused as a product of “the idealism of the time.”
265 Life unworthy of life: Ibid., p. 302.
266 The doctor . . . very dangerous: Ibid., p. 430.
266 Cosmopolitan: Catherine Houck, “The Rise and Fall and Rise of the Bosom,” Cosmopolitan, June 1989.
266 Every popular model: Dr. Steven Herman, quoted in Glamour, September 1987.
267 Miss America: Ellen Goodman, “Misled America: The Pageant Gets Phonier,” Stockton (Calif.) Record, September 19, 1989.
267 Artificial placenta: Jalna Hammer and Pat Allen, “Reproductive Engineering: The Final Solution?,” in Alice Through the Microscope, op. cit., p. 221. Also being researched are an artificial skin, and a pill that manipulates the pituitary gland to promote height.
267 Grossman: Edward Grossman, quoted in Hammer and Allen, op. cit., p. 210, lists the “benefits” that will accrue from an artificial placenta. Grossman reports that the Chinese and Russians are both interested in the artificial placenta.
267 Moving into an era: Hammer and Allen, op. cit., p. 211.
267 Gestate their white babies: Lecture, Catharine A. MacKinnon, Yale University Law School, April 1989. In 1990, a custody suit was brought for an infant carried to term in a genetically unrelated “rented” uterus.
268 To predetermine sex: Hammer and Allen, op. cit., p. 215.
268 Passivity and beauty: Ibid., p. 213.
268 Psychotropic drugs: Oakley, op. cit., p. 232.
268 Valium: Ruth Sidel, Women and Children Last: The Plight of Poor Women in Affluent America (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), p. 144.
268 Tranquilizers: Debbie Taylor et al., Women: A World Report (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985) p. 46.
268 Amphetamines first appeared in 1938, their dangers unknown. By 1952, 60,000 pounds of them were produced in the United States annually, with doctors prescribing them regularly for weight loss: Roberta Pollack Seid, Never Too Thin: Why Women Are at War with Their Bodies (New York: Prentice Hall, 1989) p. 106.
268 Sedated slimness: John Allman, “The Incredible Shrinking Pill,” The Guardian, September 22, 1989.
Acknowledgments
I own this book to the support of my family: Leonard and Deborah and Aaron Wolfe, Daniel Goleman, Tara Bennet-Goleman, Anasuya Weil and Tom Weil. I’m expecially grateful to my grandmother, Fay Goleman, on whose unflagging encouragement I depended and whose life—as family services pioneer, professor, wife, mother, and early feminist—gives continual inspiration. I’m grateful to Ruth Sullivan, Esther Boner, Lily Rivlin, Michele Landsberg, Joanne Stewart, Florence Lewis, Patricia Pierce, Alan Shoaf, Polly Shulman, Elizabeth Alexander, Rhonda Garelick, Amruta Slee, and Barbara Browning for their vital contributions to my work. Jane Meara and Jim Landis gave their thoughtful editorial attention very generously. Colin Troup was a ready source of comfort, contentiousness, and amusement. And I am indebted to the theorists of femininity of the second wave, without whose struggles with these issues I could not have begun my own.
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