Genital mutilation cannot be done legally; parents in the Netherlands know that it is against the law, which is why they have it done during the long school vacation and sometimes in their home country. In doing so, they know that the girl can recover from her injuries without having to explain anything to the outside world. Closed groups, who live in the superstitious conviction that mutilation is good for a child, cannot be expected to be open about such matters. As a result of their conviction, the parents perceive mutilation of their own child not as a criminal activity but as an act of love, a parental duty to their daughter and to their immediate circle.
The government needs to weigh the importance of the parents’ right to privacy against the child’s right to health. Given the gravity of genital mutilation, my party and I would opt for the protection of the child. The services involved in the screening, such as the local health authorities, would treat all information concerning the children and their parents discreetly and protect them.
Merely declaring that the practice of genital mutilation is despicable and degrading is not going to solve the problem. It has not done so thus far, certainly. The preventive effects of education are very limited and almost impossible to measure because of the hidden character and historical nature of the practice. The pressure on immigrants from family in the home countries (family ties are not severed by geographical borders) is too strong to be overcome merely through the provision of information and education. The argument that the tradition will eventually fall away, or that the practice will die out in the Netherlands because it is against the law, is unrealistic.
The proposal for a screening program may not be perfect, but it offers maximum results if the government enforces the law to abolish these abominable practices. It has the advantage of being clear to the parents: they know exactly what to expect. And it has two positive side effects: first, it encourages targeted, efficient delivery of information and education that otherwise would be ineffective and too diffuse. Second, it can make the Netherlands a role model for Europe and the rest of the world, and help eradicate genital mutilation on other continents as well.
PROPOSAL FOR A SCREENING PROGRAM
For a screening program to prevent female circumcision, the government should take the following steps:
With the help of Amnesty International and the United Nations, draw up a list of high-risk countries.
Establish a program of compulsory medical examinations for children from these countries.
Make two lists: List A should contain the names of the girls who have already been subjected to mutilation, while List B should have the names of those who have not been harmed yet. Newborn girls are automatically added to List B.
Girls on List A are offered medical and psychological support.
Parents of girls on List B under eighteen are called up every year for a compulsory examination of their daughter.
Newly arrived immigrants from high-risk countries are automatically called.
The screening can be done by the local health service. If a girl on List B turns out to have been mutilated, this has to be reported to the Child Welfare Council, which will institute proceedings against the parents.
POSTSCRIPT
After much discussion about the pros and cons of screening tests, I secured a majority in the Dutch House of Representatives, thanks to the backing of the Labor Party, a social democrat party, which is in favor of periodic screening. Although the Labor representatives eventually gave unanimous support, this might not have happened without the support of Ella Kalsbeek, a member of parliament for the Labor Party, the party I left, who played a leading role. From the very outset of this debate the minister of health, Hans Hoogervorst, expressed his absolute horror of genital mutilation, considering it a form of child abuse, and showed himself in favor of introducing a screening program as soon as possible. In April 2004, he announced the establishment of a special committee with the Public Health Board to investigate the possibility of an effective screening program and to consider how the law can be used more effectively to identify incidents. Under Dutch law it could have become possible to prosecute not only Dutch citizens, but also foreigners with a fixed place of abode in the Netherlands who have assisted in or encouraged genital mutilation abroad in countries such as Somalia, where it is allowed, or countries where it is forbidden.
To my disappointment, the committee ultimately recommended that screening not be done. The minister of health said he would not want to make screening compulsory but will offer high-risk communities the opportunity to have their children examined. Before the family is approached with this opportunity, however, the government must establish that the family is likely to practice female genital mutilation. The government will look at whether the family is from a high-risk country, if the mother of the child is circumcised herself (which can only be known if she has given birth to the girl in Holland and her status is known by a Dutch medical doctor or health worker).
I have no majority for my screening proposal. I have only my party standing with me. The program that the government has devised instead of the one we advised is a very expensive, inefficient system. Tragically, many Muslim immigrant girls will fall through the cracks.
Thirteen
Ten Tips for Muslim Women
Who Want to Leave
Since the early 1990s, there has been a gradual but noticeable increase in the number of Muslim girls in women’s shelters and special refuge centers for abused women. The shelters have been there for decades. Some of these women have successfully completed their schooling and hope to continue their education at college but have been refused permission to leave home. Their parents have not prepared them for a life of independence, and the whole family is shocked when the daughter announces she has ambitions of her own, which they regard as an alarming aberration.
A married Muslim woman who wants to leave her husband and lead an independent existence is also considered aberrant and is warned that she is making a huge mistake, not only by her husband and his family, but by her own family. If the families do manage to persuade the woman to change her mind and stay with her husband, the marital tension can sometimes be resolved peacefully. But it is not unusual for a family to respond violently to the woman’s perceived betrayal of her husband. The degree and seriousness of the violence varies from case to case.
Occasionally Muslim girls run away from home in a panic. This can have unfortunate consequences. Often these girls end up in a shelter and remain dependent on public assistance for a long time. In some cases a social worker may try to mediate between the “runaway”—a peculiar term for an adult woman who wants to set up house independently—and her family, which frequently results in the woman’s return home to whatever abuse caused her to panic and flee. Her family will forever treat her as an underage girl, even when she is well over forty. To them she remains a “runaway” woman.
Some Muslim girls and women who have fled their homes go off the rails. Having been brought up under strict conditions, they celebrate their freedom by going out night after night and become addicted to drugs and nightlife. These girls are targeted by the “lover boys,” who entrap them in this low life. Often their lives end tragically: they feel desperately trapped and commit suicide. Some are “caught out” at the moment they decide to leave home, or shortly after, and then the nightmare of abuse begins all over again. Some girls are even lured back to their parents’ place of birth with a holiday invitation, but once they get there, they are stripped of their passports and cannot escape. In the worst scenario they may be killed, as happened to the Turkish girl Zarife from the Dutch town of Almelo.
THE MANY SAD stories of women who ran away inspired me to write the following open letter, which contains ten tips for Muslim women who want to leave.
Dear Muslim Woman,
The tips that follow are not intended for all Muslim women. They are intended just for you—you who would like to have an independent life and are being stopped by
your family, your husband, or your congregation. You want to leave your family or your husband because you want to take charge of your life. You want to earn your own money in order to support and maintain yourself. You wish to choose your (life) partner yourself. You are convinced that you—and not your parents, congregation, or anyone else—must decide if, and when, you get married and to whom. Whether you want children, and how many, is your affair. At what age you have them and how you are going to bring them up is something you want to determine yourself. You want to choose your own friends and not feel restricted to the circle you happen to belong to as a result of your birth; you are open to making contacts outside this small circle. You want to travel and discover the world. You don’t want to spend the rest of your life bearing the children of a husband you don’t even love; cleaning, doing the shopping, and cooking three times a day; serving tea and baking cookies each weekend for people who have no interest in you; doing the washing and ironing, talking about curtain patterns, and hemming sheets. You no longer want to spend your free time with women who do nothing but gossip. You are fed up with your sisters and cousins who refuse to use their mental capacities for anything but the creation of yet another perfect recipe for cookies. You have been to enough weddings at which the girls boast not about their artistic and cultural achievements, but about the henna tattoos they applied to the palms of brides who have since disappeared into their arranged marriages. You have seen the trap into which the bride and bridegroom fall after the three days of wedding festivities.
You know you are worth more than this! You think and dream about your freedom. You would like to go outside, feel the sun on your skin and the wind in your hair. You no longer tolerate the oppression you feel in your parents’ or husband’s house, and you have come to the conclusion that you want to leave. The following tips, insofar as they have not occurred to you yet, may be of use.
THE PREPARATION
1. Freedom Is a Choice
Ask yourself these questions: Do I really want to leave? Why do I want to leave? Are there no other options? Check whether mediation is a possibility. You want the choice to leave your parents’ home or your husband’s to be based on more than just dissatisfaction with the present situation at home. For there will be serious repercussions if you leave, although the consequences are possibly more serious if you stay. You must, therefore, take the time to answer these questions honestly for yourself. Undoubtedly, you love your family. Yet you must be ready to accept that your actions will make your parents sad. You will be blamed for disgracing them and upsetting the whole family. Your family will do absolutely everything in their power to get you back: they will try to talk you into changing your mind, threaten to ostracize you, tell you that you have incurred a curse, and possibly use violence. Do not underestimate the power of this kind of emotional and moral blackmail. You will have to put up with comments of this kind. “Since you left, Mummy has become so ill that she can’t sleep anymore.” Or, “Your father is so depressed and ashamed he has trouble going to work or seeing the rest of the family.” Or, “You are ruining your sister’s chance to marry into a good family.” Or, “Your little brother was beaten up yesterday when he tried to defend your character.” Prepare yourself.
Explore your options. Take a good look at your position at home. Make a list of all the risks. You are particularly at risk if you come from a large family with a relatively high number of men who are deeply attached to their sense of honor and insist on strict religious principles. If your father happens to be an important man in the family, you are at an even bigger risk. If, on the other hand, you come from a family with a strong sense of honor but relatively few men, you are in a better position. But be careful not to underestimate the power of women’s gossip to influence both sexes: they will pass on everything and turn the men against you.
If you know how the grapevine works—who will talk to whom about what, what is frowned upon, et cetera—then you can protect yourself by making sure that you do not become the subject of the gossip. This is important if you want to succeed.
Confront your own weaknesses: How good is your health? What is your temperament like: are you hot-tempered, or do you have good self-control, and do you adjust well to new situations? If you have good self-control, you are more likely to leave well prepared (and to persevere). Remember, self-control and self-sufficiency are things you can learn.
Think about how you can keep your plans hidden for as long as possible: How much time do you get to yourself each day? Does your family notice if you are gone for a few hours? Are you good at thinking up convincing excuses, at telling your parents what they want to hear? Should you perhaps wear a headscarf in order to “keep the peace” until you leave?
Realize that once you have left, you will not be able to go back (at least not for a while). And you should not go back, no matter what they say and promise. You will be in more danger from them after you return—possibly fatal danger. So the most important question you need to ask yourself is, Do I really want to leave?
2. Faith
You have decided that you want to live on your own. You will need to have faith. To begin with, you need to have faith in yourself. You will have moments of doubt, fear, and even regret. This is normal. After all, you are about to leave behind everything that is familiar to you (no matter how horrible your home is at times). You may never see your family again. Expect to feel besieged by doubts, but remember also that what you are doing is for your own good. The way in which you want to live cannot be combined with how your family wants you to live. Have faith in yourself.
You also need to have faith in others. Be sure to know whom you can trust. Choose someone from outside the congregation, a mature person who looks after his or her own affairs well. This should be someone who helps you to become independent, who can let you know when you are on the right road; someone who genuinely supports you and lays no claims on you; someone who won’t mind if you make a mistake. The world outside is not a big, bad world. Do not mistrust everyone, but do be critical and cautious.
3. Friends
It is vital that you make friends before you abandon your family. You will not survive without friends. Establish new friendships well in advance of your departure—close friendships with people you can trust. You are starting out on a new life, and meeting new people is an important part of the experience. Of course, there will be relatives, or other fellow Muslims, who will understand your situation and pretend to be supportive, but the chances are that they will not really try to help you. These people are part of the community and tell each other everything. If one of them shows you understanding and support, it is still possible that that person will give away something in an unguarded moment. And it is not fair to burden someone with conflicting loyalties. Before you know it, your plans to leave will become common knowledge. So be vigilant. I am not saying that you cannot have any Muslim friends, but do not confide your plan to any of them. You simply cannot afford to take the risk. The consequences could be too damaging for you.
Friendship means reciprocity. Invest in your friends. Let them know that they can trust you too, that you will be there for them if they need you. Your new friends will often have different opinions about women than your family’s and community’s, and they may not understand you at first. Explain to them what guilt and shame mean in your family and community. Learn to be honest: you are allowed to admit mistakes; you don’t have to lie about friends, dates, et cetera.
4. Address
When you leave home you will need somewhere to live. As a student or housewife, you have little disposable income. You may never have had an income in your own name. In addition, you will need to avoid any areas where people might recognize you, people who could pass on information to your parents or other relatives. Because you have little money and need to take extra safety precautions, your choice of places to live is limited. Do not hesitate to ask friends and the people you trust to help you.
University citie
s and towns are an attractive option because you can find cheap, safe housing there. Student accommodation tends to be accepted and common and the rent is relatively low. The only disadvantage is that you have to be registered as a student before you can move into such accommodation. In some student houses potential candidates competing for a vacant room are required to come for a “preliminary visit” in order to be approved by the rest of the occupants. Obviously, you can be unlucky and not get their approval.
If you are not a student, or have picked a university town with a shortage of student accommodations, you have other possibilities. There are couples or people who live alone, who are keen to let a room cheaply to single people with little money, preferably women. Often they are looking for someone on a short-term basis because their own children have left home or they have lost a partner. In these houses you will have to obey the landlord’s rules, but you can discuss in advance the kind of privacy you will need and make your boundaries clear. Some cities, like Amsterdam, have cheap housing to rent in areas that are safe for you. These houses or apartments are reserved, on a charitable basis, for specific groups with low incomes, such as artists and musicians.
Once you have managed to find a room or apartment, make sure you move in promptly. Figure out in advance your schedule for leaving your family and finding your new home. Make sure your room is not left vacant for months on end. That would be a waste of money.