8 GENERAL OFFICERS AT CLINTON’S HEADQUARTERS: Manual of the Common Council of New York, Clinton Papers, Clements Library.
9 CLINTON “QUITE A MONOPOLIZER … RIDING FULL TILT TO AND FROM HIS DIFFERENT SEATS”: q. Stevens, October, 1880, 1139, from political magazine of London citing Manual of the Common Council (of the Corporation of the City of New York).
10 WASHINGTON WATCHES FERRIES CROSSING WITH CLAUDE BLANCHARD: Blanchard, 129, 130.
11 WASHINGTON TO ROCHAMBEAU ON RIVER CROSSING: Fitzpatrick, Writings, XXIII, 25.
12 DEUX-PONTS, “AN ENEMY OF ANY BOLDNESS OR ANY SKILL”: Deux-Ponts, My Campaigns, 123n.
13 WILLIAM SMITH, “NO SPIRIT OF ENTERPRISE”: q. Fleming, 99.
14 CLINTON TO NEWCASTLE, “AMERICA IS BECOME NO OBJECT?”: q. Willcox, Portrait, 355-6.
15 CLINTON’S “FEAR THAT THE ENEMY MIGHT BURN NEW YORK”: q. Wickwire, 355.
16 CLINTON, “THINGS … COMING FAST TO A CRISIS”: to Germain, September 7, 1781, q. Willcox, AHR, 26.
17 CLINTON TO GRAVES, “AS SOON AS THE WAY IS CLEAR”: September 2, 1781, ibid.
18 VON CLOSEN, A “PLEASING, INDUSTRIOUS …”: von Closen, intro., xxii-xxiii. VON CLOSEN, “A VERY BEAUTIFUL SMALL VALLEY”: von Closen, 109.
19 ON PRINCETON: Blanchard, 134.
20 APPEARANCE OF A FLEET: Freeman, V, 3, 15.
21 MARCHERS IN PHILADELPHIA: Royal Deux-Ponts, My Campaigns, 26 ff.; von Closen, 120-21; Gallatin, 126.
22 DINE AT ROBERT MORRIS’S: von Closen, 117.
23 DINE AT JOSEPH REED’S: ibid., 119.
24 WASHINGTON TO LAFAYETTE ON SEPTEMBER 2, “I AM DISTRESSED”: Fitzpatrick, Writings, XXIII, 77.
25 COURIER FROM DE GRASSE’S FLEET: Freeman, V, 321.
26 WASHINGTON AT CHESTER, WAVING HIS HAT AND HANDKERCHIEF: von Closen, 123; Freeman, V, 322.
27 NEWS REPORTED TO PHILADELPHIA BANQUET: Gallatin, 27, 31; Scott, 16-17. “LONG LIVE LOUIS SIXTEENTH:”: ibid.
28 BATTLE OF THE BAY: Lewis, C. L., 156-69; Larrabee, 184-223; James, W. M., 288-96; Tornquist, 58-61.
29 GRAVES, “EFFECTUAL SUCCOUR”: q. Lewis, C. L., 169.
30 TORNQUIST, “IT WAS A PLEASANT SURPRISE”: Tornquist, 57.
31 CLINTON TO CORNWALLIS ON SEPTEMBER 2, “YOU MAY BE ASSURED”: Clinton, 563.
32 CLINTON TO CORNWALLIS ON SEPTEMBER 6, “I THINK THE BEST WAY”: ibid., 564.
33 “THEY ARE ALREADY EMBARKED”: Letter of September 6, 1781, q. Wickwire, 362.
34 “RAISED SPIRITS TO THE REQUIRED LEVEL”: von Closen, 124.
35 “THIS DAY WILL BE FAMOUS IN THE ANNALS”: q. Davis, 82.
36 WASHINGTON’S JOURNEY TO MOUNT VERNON: Freeman, V, 324-7; Gallatin, 36-7.
37 WASHINGTON TO LAFAYETTE, “I HOPE YOU WILL KEEP”: q. Davis, 87.
38 TORNQUIST DESCRIBES WILLIAMSBURG COUNTRY AS “VERY FERTILE”: Tornquist, 75.
39 TORNQUIST ON MURDERED PREGNANT WOMAN: ibid., 57.
40 “GODLESS BEHAVIOUR OF THEIR ENEMIES”: ibid., 58.
41 UNBORN BABY HUNG FROM A TREE: Anonymous, 78.
42 WASHINGTON GOES TO MEET DE GRASSE: Tornquist, 64; Lewis, C. L., 172-5; Freeman, V, 334-6.
43 MON CHER PETIT GŃŃRAL: q. Stone, 410, from George Washington Parke Custis, Recollections.
44 INTERVIEW WITH DE GRASSE: Scott, Corres., 36-41.
45 FORDING THE SUSQUEHANNA: Von Closen, 125.
46 MR. WALKER REFUSING PAYMENT: ibid., 128.
47 “FIRE SHIPS”: James, B., 116-17; Tornquist, 64-6.
48 “ALARMED AND DISQUIETED … THE NAVY”: von Closen, 133.
49 DE GRASSE DECISION TO LEAVE: Doniol, V, 544; Scott, Corres., 45-7; von Closen, 134; Freeman, V, 340.
50 WASHINGTON’S LETTER OF “PAINFUL ANXIETY”: Scott, Corres., 48-50; Fitzpatrick, Writings, XXIII, 136-9.
51 DE GRASSE’S FLAG CAPTAINS “DID NOT APPEAR TO FULFILL THE AIMS WE HAD IN VIEW”: Scott, Corres., 51-2; q. Freeman, V, 343.
52 DE GRASSE AGREES TO REMAIN: von Closen, 136, and 136 n. 9; Scott, Corres., 51, 53.
53 SMITH, “A WEEK WILL DECIDE”: Smith’s diary of August 31, q. Fleming, 214.
54 GRAVES’S TERRIBLE WORDS, “THE ENEMY HAVE SO GREAT A NAVAL FORCE”: to Clinton, September 9, 1781, q. Willcox, AHR, 28.
55 WILLIAM SMITH, STAFF OFFICERS “SERVILE”: q. Fleming, 218.
56 GENERAL ROBERTSON CLAIMED INACTION COULD “BRING DOWN THE WHOLE CAUSE IN AMERICA”: Willcox, AHR, 28.
57 CLINTON ASKS COUNCIL OF SEPTEMBER 14 WHETHER RELIEF SHOULD BE HAZARDED: Fleming, 219; partial minutes in Clinton, 569-70.
58 CORNWALLIS, LETTER OF SEPTEMBER 16-17, “IF YOU CANNOT RELIEVE ME VERY SOON”: Clinton Cornwallis Controversy, II, 158.
59 FOR DELAYS AND POSTPONEMENTS IN NEW YORK AND DELIBERATIONS OF THE COUNCILS: Willcox, Portrait, 427-36; Willcox, AHR, 28-31.
60 “OUR GENERALS AND ADMIRALS DON’T SEEM TO BE IN EARNEST”: MacKenzie, 641. RAWDON, “INFATUATED WRETCHES”: q. Miller, 164.
61 “DIGBY, DIGBY!”: q. Willcox, Portrait, 432.
62 MACKENZIE, “SHOULD OUR FLEET BEAT THEIRS.”: Diary of September 24.
63 VISIT OF PRINCE WILLIAM: Willcox, Portrait, 433; MacKenzie, 64.
64 RUMOR PRINCE WOULD TAKE OFFICE AS GOVERNOR: Rochambeau, Memoirs, 67.
65 CORNWALLIS IN “DAILY EXPECTATION” OF RELIEF: MacKenzie, 664, 671.
66 COUNCILS IN NEW YORK OF SEPTEMBER 23 AND 24 (IF THEY WENT IN HOW WOULD THEY GET OUT?): Willcox, Portrait, 435.
67 SMITH TO TRYON, “EVERY HOUR IS PRECIOUS”: ibid., 432.
68 MACKENZIE, “THREE DAYS TO GET OVER THE BAR”: MacKenzie, 653.
69 SMITH, “IF THE ENEMY’S THIRST FOR PEACE”: q. Fleming, 224.
70 MACKENZIE, “THEY MAY AS WELL STAY FOR TEN MONTHS”: MacKenzie, 653-4.
71 CLINTON, BARRING AN “UNFORESEEN ACCIDENT”: Clinton Cornwallis Controversy, II, 172.
72 CLINTON PROPOSES DIVERSION AGAINST PHILADELPHIA: According to Captain MacKenzie, “if the French bring a superior fleet to the coast, turning their utmost force against Cornwallis’s army … there will hardly be any possibility of relieving them unless by our gaining a victory at sea. If Washington passes the Delaware … the only action open to Britain would be a diversion in Lord Cornwallis’s favor by entering Jersey with a large corps and if possible by taking possession of Philadelphia”: MacKenzie, 611.
73 CORNWALLIS INFORMED CLINTON ON OCTOBER 11, “NOTHING BUT A DIRECT MOVE”: Clinton, 581.
74 LT. JAMES, “THE DISTRESSING CRIES OF THE WOUNDED”: James, B., 122.
75 LAUZUN-TARLETON CAVALRY CLASH: Wickwire, 372-4.
76 ATTACK ON THE REDOUBTS: James, B., 121-6; Gallatin, 41-4; Freeman, V, 369-71. A full account of the assault is in Deux-Ponts, My Campaigns, 142-9.
77 WASHINGTON EXHORTATION TO SOLDIERS: q. Freeman, V, 369.
78 MCPHERSON SAID TO HAVE RETREATED: Fleming, 289.
79 CORNWALLIS TO CLINTON, OCTOBER 15, 1781, “MY SITUATION NOW BECOMES VERY CRITICAL”: Cornwallis, Corres., I, 125; q. Wickwire, 382.
80 CORNWALLIS NOTE OF SURRENDER: q. Freeman, V, 377.
81 WASHINGTON’S REPLY, “AN ARDENT DESIRE”: Fitzpatrick, Writings, XXIII, 236-7.
82 CORNWALLIS TO CLINTON, “I HAVE THE MORTIFICATION”: October 20, 1781, Clinton, 583.
83 SURRENDER PARLEY: Freeman, V, 379-85.
84 WASHINGTON ON CORNWALLIS, “PASSIVE BEYOND CONCEPTION”: to Governor Thomas Sim Lee, October 11, 1781, Fitzpatrick, Writings, XXIII, 210.
85 WASHINGTON’S CREED: Freeman, V, 106.
86 LAURENS, “THIS REMAINS AN ARTICLE”: q. Fleming, 322.
87 SURRENDER SCENE: Blanchard, 141; Stone, 472-4, from the Journals of James Thacher and John Conrad Doehla.
88 “THE WORLD TURNED UPSIDE DOWN”: cf. Freeman, V, 388, n. 47.
89 BRITISH “MUCH IN LIQUOR”: q. Freeman, V, 390, from two eyewitness diarists, Major Ebenezer Denny and Lieutenant Williams Feltman.
90 BRITISH EXHIBITED “CONTEMPT FOR THE AMERICANS”: Blanchard, 15
2.
91 LAFAYETTE ORDERED THE BAND TO PLAY “YANKEE DOODLE”: Fleming, 328-9.
92 ADAMS, “THE GREATEST QUESTION”: Smith, John Adams, 1, 270.
EPILOGUE
1 TILGHMAN BRINGS NEWS OF SURRENDER: Stone, 487.
2 “GORNVALLIS IST GEDAKEN!”: Johnston, 158.
3 WASHINGTON, “MELIORATING INFLUENCE ON ALL MANKIND”: q. Smith, People’s History, III, 21-2.
4 LAFAYETTE CARRIED HOME SOIL FOR A GRAVE: Woodward, 451.
5 ENGLISH-SPEAKING REGIMENT OF DE BOUILLÉ’S TROOPS: Tornquist, 78.
6 BATTLE OF THE SAINTS: all the Rodney biographies; also Lewis, C. L., 225-54; Whipple, 56-61; Mahan, Influence, 485-93; Anonymous, 126.
7 “ONLY BREAK THE LINE, SIR GEORGE!”: MacIntyre, 232; Spinney, 398-9. The breaking of the line developed into a lengthy controversy in later years in which Douglas’ role was disputed; see Spinney, 427-9.
8 RODNEY IN ARMCHAIR ON DECK: Jesse, II, 396; Wraxall, 307.
9 HOOD, “THE MOST MELANCHOLY NEWS”: q. Freeman, V, 400n, from letters of Lord Hood, 39.
10 “OH, GOD, IT IS ALL OVER!”: Wraxall, 264; Walpole, Last Journals, II, 474.
11 GEORGE III, “I WOULD RATHER LOSE MY CROWN”: Morison, AP, 266; cf. Brooke, 188: “I would rather lose the Crown I now wear than bear the ignominy of possessing it under their shackles.”
12 WALPOLE, “OUR AFFAIRS ARE CERTAINLY DISMAL”: to Mann, December 4, 1781, Corres., XXV, 213.
13 “COMMENCING A NEW DATE”: to Mann, Walpole, Corres., XXV, 213.
14 SIR JAMES LOWTHER’S MOTION, DECEMBER 12, 1781: q. Valentine, North, II, 281.
15 CONWAY’S MOTIONS, FEBRUARY 20, 27 AND MARCH 4: ibid., 302-7.
16 GEORGE III, DRAFT OF ABDICATION: Brooke, 221; Valentine, North, II, 310.
17 “ONE OF THE FULLEST AND MOST TENSE HOUSES”: Valentine, North, II, 315.
18 NORTH RESIGNS MARCH 20, 1782: ibid., 315-16.
19 ANDREW DORIA AND OTHER SHIPS DESTROYED: Morison, Jones, 100n.
20 WASHINGTON’S LAST CIRCULAR TO THE STATES: Fitzpatrick, Writings, XXVI, 485 (in part).
About The Author
BARBARA W. TUCHMAN achieved prominence as a historian with The Zimmermann Telegram and international fame with The Guns of August, a huge bestseller and winner of the Pulitzer Prize. There followed five more books: The Proud Tower, Stilwell and the American Experience in China (also awarded the Pulitzer Prize), A Distant Mirror, Practicing History, a collection of essays, and The March of Folly. The First Salute was Mrs. Tuchman’s last book before her death in February 1989.
Barbara W. Tuchman, The First Salute
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