15. Daniel Horowitz, “Say No to Violence Against Constitution Act,” RedState, April 23, 2012, http://www.redstate.com/dhorowitz3/2012/04/23/say-no-to-violence-against-the-constitution-act (April 19, 2013).
16. U.S. v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598 (2000).
17. John Adams, “Letter to Thomas Jefferson, November 13, 1815,” in The Adams-Jefferson Letters, 456.
18. Edmund Burke, “Letters on a Regicide Peace, Letter II, On the Genius and Character of the French Revolution as it regards other Nations,” in The Works of the Right Honorable Edmund Burke, vol. 2 (London: Holdsworth & Ball, 1841), 315.
19. Thomas Jefferson, “Letter to Arthur Campbell, September 1, 1797,” in The Works of Thomas Jefferson, Federal ed., vol. 8 (New York & London: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1904–1905), http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=805&chapter=87108&layout=html&Itemid=27 (April 19, 2013).
11. An Amendment to Protect the Vote
1. Crawford v. Marion County Election Board, 472 F.3d 949, 953 (6th Cir. 2007), aff’d, 553 U.S. 181 (2008).
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Scott Rasmussen, “64 Percent See Voter Fraud as a Serious Problem,” Rasmussen Reports, April 18, 2012, http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/most_recent_podcasts/2012_04/radio_update_64_percent_see_voter_fraud_as_a_serious_problem (April 20, 2013).
5. Crawford v. Marion County Election Board, 553 U.S. 181, 204 (2008).
6. Ibid.
7. Mary Sanchez, “Will Republicans succeed with Jim Crow lite laws?” Kansas City Star, Sept. 3, 2012, http://www.kansascity.com/2012/09/03/3790385/voter-id-laws.html#storylink=cpy (April 20, 2013).
8. Adam Crisp, “Jesse Jackson ‘Astonished’ by Haley’s Voter ID Views,” Mount Pleasant Patch, Sept. 3, 2012, http://mountpleasant-sc.patch.com/articles/jesse-jackson-astonished-by-haley-s-voter-id-views (April 20, 2013).
9. Amy Bingham, “Eric Holder Dubs Texas Voter ID Law a ‘Poll Tax,’ ” ABC News, July 10, 2012, http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/07/eric-holder-dubs-texas-voter-id-law-a-poll-taxes (April 20, 2013). It is important to note that Holder’s use of the term “poll taxes” was a departure from his prepared remarks. See Eric Holder, “Attorney General Eric Holder Speaks at the NAACP Annual Convention,” July 10, 2012, http://www.justice.gov/iso/opa/ag/speeches/2012/ag-speech-120710.html (April 20, 2013).
10. Katie Pavlich, “NAACP Requires Photo I.D. to See Holder Speak in State Being Sued Over Voter ID,” Townhall.com, The Tipsheet, July 10, 2012, http://townhall.com/tipsheet/katie pavlich/2012/07/10/naacp_requires_photo_id_to_see_holder_speak (April 20, 2013).
11. Karen Langley, “Voter ID passes Pennsylvania Senate,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, March 8, 2012, http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/local/state/voter-id-passes-pa-senate-221495/?print=1 (April 20, 2013).
12. “PA Voter ID,” NAACP Pennsylvania State Conference, http://pastatenaacp.org/voting/pa-voter-id (April 20, 2013).
13. Anson Asaka, “The Fight Against Voter Suppression in Pennsylvania,” NAACP blog, September 14, 2012, http://www.naacp.org/blog/entry/the-fight-against-voter-suppression-in-pennsylvania (April 20, 2013).
14. Corey Dade, “Judge refuses to block Pennsylvania Voter ID law,” NPR, It’s All Politics blog, Aug. 15, 2012, http://www.npr.org/blogs/itsallpolitics/2012/08/15/158827591/judge-refuses-to-block-pa-voter-id-law-appeal-headed-to-state-supreme-court (April 20, 2013).
15. Ibid.
16. Amy Davidson, “Pennsylvania’s Voter ID Law Delayed,” New Yorker, Close Read, October 2, 2012, http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/closeread/2012/10/pennsylvanias-voter-id-law-delay.html.
17. Ariz. Rev. Stat. §16-166(F).
18. Gonzalez v. Arizona, 677 F.3d 383 (9th Cir. 2012).
19. John Fund and Hans von Spakovsky, Who’s Counting? How Fraudsters and Bureaucrats Put Your Vote at Risk (New York: Encounter Books, 2012).
20. Gonzalez v. Arizona, 435 F. Supp. 2d 997 (D.Ariz. 2006).
21. Gonzalez v. Arizona, 677 F.3d 383 (9th Cir. 2012).
22. Arizona v. The Inter Tribal Council of Arizona, 570 U.S. __ (2013).
23. Alexander Keyssar, The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States (New York: Basic Books, 2009), 4.
24. Ibid., Table A.2.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. U.S. Constitution, Art. I, Section 2.
29. U.S. Constitution, Art. I, Section 4. The Seventeenth Amendment, ratified in 1913, provided for the direct election of senators.
30. U.S. Constitution, Art. II, Section 1, Cl. 2 and U.S. Constitution, Twelfth Amendment.
31. Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, Thomas M. Cooley, ed., vol. 2, §820 (Clark, NJ: Lawbook Exchange, 2011).
32. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, The Federalist Papers (New York: Barnes & Noble Classics, 2006), 292–93.
33. The Anti-Federalist Papers, Ralph Ketcham, ed. (New York: Signet Classic, 1983), 220 (emphasis added).
34. Ibid., 225.
35. Dumas Malone, Jefferson: The Virginian (Boston: Little, Brown, 1948), 379–80.
36. Keyssar, The Right to Vote, Table A.3.
37. Ibid. (New York’s property requirement applied only “to men of color”; Rhode Island and North Carolina generally applicable property requirements).
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid., Table A.9.
40. Civil Rights Act of 1964, Pub. L. No. 88-352, 78 Stat. 241, Voting Rights Act of 1965, Pub. Law 89-110, 79 Stat. 437.
41. Section 5, Voting Rights Act, 47 U.S.C. §1973c (2012).
42. Ibid.
43. Voting Rights Act of 1965, Pub. Law 89-110, 79 Stat. 437.
44. “About Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act,” United States Department of Justice, http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/sec_5/about.php (April 20, 2013).
45. “Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act,” United States Department of Justice, http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/sec_2/about_sec2.php (April 20, 2013).
46. Voting Rights Act Amendments of 2006, Public Law 109-246, 120 Stat. 577.
47. Ibid.
48. Shelby County v. Holder, 570 U.S. __ (2013).
49. 42 U.S.C. § 1973gg and 42 U.S.C. § 15301–15545 (2013).
50. John Fund and Hans von Spakovsky, Who’s Counting? How Fraudsters and Bureaucrats Put Your Vote at Risk (New York: Encounter Books, 2012).
51. Ibid., 88.
52. Ibid., 87.
53. Ibid., 86 (citing Government Accountability Office, “Elections: Additional Data Could Help State and Local Election Officials Maintain Accurate Voter Registration Lists,” 42 (2005)).
54. Ibid., (citing “The 2010 Election: A Look Back at What Went Right and Wrong,” statement of Colorado Secretary of State Scott Gessler before the Committee on House Administration, 112th Congress [2011]).
55. “Inaccurate, Costly, and Inefficient,” Pew Center on the States, Issue Brief, February 2012, http://www.pewtrusts.org/uploadedFiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/Reports/Election_reform/Pew_Upgrading _Voter_Registration.pdf (April 20, 2013).
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid.
58. U.S. Constitution, Art. I, Section 4, Cl. 1.
59. U.S. Constitution, Art. II, Section 1, Cl. 2.
60. U.S. Constitution, Art. II, Section 1, Cl. 4.
61. U.S. Constitution, Fifteenth Amendment.
62. U.S. Constitution, Nineteenth Amendment.
63. U.S. Constitution, Twenty-Fourth Amendment.
64. U.S. Constitution, Twenty-Sixth Amendment.
Epilogue: The Time for Action
1. Franklin D. Roosevelt, Whither Bound? (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1926).
2. Ibid., 15–16.
3. “State Governments Viewed Favorably as Federal Rating Hits New Low,” Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, April 15, 2013, http://www.people-press.org/2013/04/15/state-govermnents-viewed-favorably-as-federal-rating-hits-new-low (April 19, 2013).
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4. Abraham Lincoln, “The Gettysburg Address,” Nov. 19, 1863, http://www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/speeches/gettysburg.htm (April 19, 2013).
5. Russell L. Caplan, Constitutional Brinksmanship (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 74 (citing Washington Post, May 27, 1963, at 22). There are several excellent resources that provide further background and advice on the state convention process, including but not limited to Robert G. Natelson’s writings. See Robert G. Natelson, “Amending the Constitution by Convention: A Complete View of the Founders’ Plan (Part 1 in a series),” Goldwater Institute, Sept. 16, 2010, http://www.goldwaterinstitute.org/article/amending-constitution-convention-complete-view-founders-plan-part-1-series (April 19, 2013); Robert G. Natelson, “Learning from Experience: How the States Used Article V Applications in America’s First Century (Part 2 in a series),” Goldwater Institute, Nov. 4, 2010, http://goldwaterinstitute.org/sites/default/files/Final%20110310%2C%20Article%20V%20Part%202%20FINAL.pdf (April 19, 2013); Robert G. Natelson, “Amending the Constitution by Convention: Practical Guidance for Citizens and Policymakers (Part 3 in a three-part series),” Goldwater Institute, http://goldwaterinstitute.org/sites/default/files/PB%2011-02%20Article%20V%20Part%203%20of%203_0.pdf (April 19, 2013).
6. Ibid., 88 (citing 23 Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 766 (1987)).
7. Ronald Reagan, A Time for Choosing: The Speeches of Ronald Reagan—1961–1982 (Chicago: Regnery Gateway, 1983), 57.
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Mark R. Levin, The Liberty Amendments: Restoring the American Republic
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