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  THE LIFE OF BRET HARTE

  Bret Harte]

  The Gale Library of Lives and Letters American Writers Series

  THE LIFE OF BRET HARTE

  WITH SOME ACCOUNT OF THE CALIFORNIA PIONEERS

  BY HENRY CHILDS MERWIN

  WITH PORTRAITS AND OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS

  BOSTON AND NEW YORK HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY The Riverside Press Cambridge 1911

  REPUBLISHED BY GALE RESEARCH COMPANY, BOOK TOWER, DETROIT, 1967

  COPYRIGHT, 1911, BY HENRY CHILDS MERWIN

  ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

  _Published September 1911_

  Library of Congress Card Number: 67-23887

  TO Anne Amory Merwin THIS BOOK IS AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED

  PREFACE

  It is a pleasure for the Author of this book to record his indebtedness toothers in preparing it. Mrs. T. Edgar Pemberton, and Messrs. C. ArthurPearson, Limited, the publishers of Pemberton's Life of Bret Harte, havekindly consented to the quotation from that interesting book of severalletters by Mr. Harte that throw much light upon his character. Similarpermission was given by Mr. Howells and his publishers, the Messrs. Harperand Brothers, to make use of Mr. Howells' account of Bret Harte's visit tohim at Cambridge; and of this permission the Author has availed himselfwith a freedom which the Reader at least will not regret.

  Professor Raymond Weeks, President of the American Dialect Society,Professor C. Alphonso Smith, Mr. Albert Matthews, and others whose namesare mentioned on page 326, have lent their aid in regard to the Pioneerlanguage, and Ernest Knaufft, Bret Harte's nephew, has not only furnishedthe Author with some information about his uncle's early life, but he hasalso read the proofs, and has made more than one valuable suggestion whichthe Author was glad to adopt. It is only fair to add that Mr. Knaufft doesnot in all respects agree with the Author's estimate of Bret Harte'scharacter. Another critic, Prescott Hartford Belknap, has put his fineliterary taste at the service of the book, and has saved its writer fromsome mistakes which he now shudders to contemplate.

  Most of all, however, the Author is indebted to his accomplished friend,Edwin Munroe Bacon, who, though much engaged with important literary workof his own, has read the book twice, once in MS. and once in print,--asignal, not to say painful proof of friendship which the Authoracknowledges with gratitude, and almost with shame.

  H. C. M.

  CONTENTS

  I. BRET HARTE'S ANCESTRY 1

  II. BRET HARTE'S BOYHOOD 13

  III. BRET HARTE'S WANDERINGS IN CALIFORNIA 18

  IV. BRET HARTE IN SAN FRANCISCO 32

  V. THE PIONEER MEN AND WOMEN 53

  VI. PIONEER LIFE 85

  VII. PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS 120

  VIII. WOMEN AND CHILDREN AMONG THE PIONEERS 140

  IX. FRIENDSHIP AMONG THE PIONEERS 157

  X. GAMBLING IN PIONEER TIMES 168

  XI. OTHER FORMS OF BUSINESS 181

  XII. LITERATURE, JOURNALISM AND RELIGION 192

  XIII. BRET HARTE'S DEPARTURE FROM CALIFORNIA 214

  XIV. BRET HARTE IN THE EAST 220

  XV. BRET HARTE AT CREFELD 251

  XVI. BRET HARTE AT GLASGOW 266

  XVII. BRET HARTE IN LONDON 274

  XVIII. BRET HARTE AS A WRITER OF FICTION 293

  XIX. BRET HARTE AS A POET 308

  XX. BRET HARTE'S PIONEER DIALECT 321

  XXI. BRET HARTE'S STYLE 330

  INDEX 347