Read The Men Who United the States: America's Explorers Page 44


  See also rivers/river exploration

  geology, role in American settlement, 75–77

  George II (king of England), 179

  Gilpin, William (explorer), 110–11

  Gold Rush of 1848, 261, 263–64

  Good Roads (magazine), 283

  Gooding, William (engineer), 215–17

  Google, 424–26

  Grace, William R. (New York mayor), 364

  Grand Canyon, 115–25, 174

  Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone (painting, Moran), 138

  grand experiment, United States as, xvi

  Grant, Ulysses S., 138

  Grapes of Wrath (Steinbeck), 233

  Gray, Robert (fur trader/explorer), 174

  Great Barrington, Massachusetts, 372

  Great Depression of 1930s, 229, 232–33

  Great Diamond Fraud (1872)

  creating the fraud, 143–46

  exposure by Clarence King, 139, 146–51

  revisiting site of, 152–53

  Great Lakes

  early French settlement, 175

  Erie Canal, vision and planning, 196–203

  linkage to Hudson River, 196–200, 214

  linkage to Mississippi River, 214–20

  migration of Asian carp to, 220–22

  Great Plains, Lewis and Clark discovery, 34–39

  Great Sioux Nation, 44–48

  Gunnison, John (military officer/explorer), 107

  Gunter, Edmund (preacher/astronomer), 12n

  Hall, Andrew (Powell expedition survivor), 128

  Hammerstein, Oscar, II (songwriter), 162

  Harpending, Asbury (adventurer), 145, 150

  Hartford, Connecticut, 170

  Haslam, “Pony Bob” (Pony Express rider), 335

  Hawkins, Billy (Powell expedition survivor), 128

  Hawley, Jesse (farmer and merchant), 199–202

  Hay, John, 157–58

  Hayden, Ferdinand Vanderveer (geologist)

  background and early explorations, 129–30

  selection for the Great Surveys (1867), 112–13, 151

  survey of Yellowstone, 130–39

  Hearst, William Randolph (newspaper publisher), 318, 320, 377

  He-dow Teton, Randy’L (Shoshone woman), 51

  Herrold, Charles and Sybil (radio broadcast pioneers), 393–94

  Hertz, Heinrich R. (physicist), 385

  Heston, Charlton (actor), 50, 52

  highways. See roads/roadways/road building

  Hooley, Edgar (road builder), 247

  Hoover, Herbert (Secretary of Commerce), 396–97, 409–10

  Howe, Daniel Walker (historian), 202

  Hudson, Henry (explorer), 165, 171

  Hudson River, 170–71, 250–51, 253

  Hudson-Mohawk Gap, 196–202, 209–13, 253

  Hudson’s Bay Company, 62

  Hulsen, Al (radio journalist), 402

  Huntley, Chet (broadcast journalist), 414–15

  Hutchins, Thomas (surveyor), 12–15

  Illinois

  Chicago Sanitary Canal, 214–22

  Chicago World’s Fair of 1892, 374–75

  terminus of Cumberland Road, 244

  immigration

  Chinese workers for railroads, 269–73

  Irish service in the Civil War, 271

  See also “settler movement”

  incandescent lightbulb. See electricity/electric lights

  Independence, Missouri, 97, 101

  Insull, Samuel (business magnate), 377, 379–80

  Internet

  about wonder and potential of, 417–19

  accelerating growth, 419–20

  ARPANET, origins as, 420–21

  computer protocol development, 421–23

  creation of World Wide Web, 423–25

  unifying role in the world, 425–28

  Interstate Highway System. See transcontinental highways

  The Invaders (movie), 261n

  It’s a Wonderful Life (movie), 289–90

  Jackson, Andrew, 255

  Jackson, Charles (geologist), 338–39

  Jackson, Horatio Nelson (cross-country auto traveler), 298

  Jackson, William Henry (photographer), 134–36

  James, Edwin (geologist), 93

  James River, 168, 184, 186

  Janin, Henry (mining engineer), 145, 147, 149–50

  Jefferson, Thomas

  belief in Manifest Destiny, 30

  creation of Monticello, 3–6

  creation of United States, xxvi

  fascination with American West, 6–8

  Louisiana Purchase, 13, 16–17

  notions of land ownership, 8–16

  as slave-owner, 4, 6

  support of public works projects, 204, 243

  See also Lewis and Clark expedition

  Johansen, Dorothy (author), 72

  Johnson, Andrew, 141

  Johnson, Lyndon B., xiii–xiv

  Johnson, Philip (architect), 75

  Johnson, William [Sir] (trader), 45

  Jolliet, Louis (explorer), 175, 215–17

  Judah, Theodore Dehone (engineer/visionary), 258–59, 261–68, 275, 433

  Judge, Pat and Tom (farmers), 287–89, 290

  Kahn, Robert (Internet pioneer), 422–23

  Kanawha River, 183–84

  Kansas City, Missouri, 24, 29

  Keating, William (geologist), 94

  Kelley, William (congressman), 137

  Kennebec River, 171

  Kennedy, John F. (presidential candidate), 414

  King, Clarence Rivers (geologist)

  director of U.S. Geological Service, 151

  exposing Great Diamond Fraud, 139, 143–51

  fascination with dark-skinned women, 141, 153–54

  marriage to black woman, 154–58

  racially passing as black man, 158–60

  selection for Great Surveys (1867), 112–13, 141–43

  King’s Highway, 241

  Lafayette, Marquis de [Gilbert du Motier] (French general), 337

  Land Ordinance of 1785, 10

  Langford, Nathaniel Pitt (explorer/historian), 132

  Larkin, Philip (poet), 125

  Latrobe, Benjamin (engineer), 189

  League of American Wheelmen, 283, 295

  Leaves of Grass (Whitman), 238

  Ledyard, James (explorer), 19n

  Lewis, Meriwether (explorer), 18–19, 40

  Lewis, Samuel (mapmaker), 81–82

  Lewis and Clark expedition

  about idea for, 17–20

  America, beginning mapping of, 81n

  beginning expedition, 22–25, 29–30, 32–40

  bicentennial celebration, 25

  congressional authorization, 20–22

  crossing Continental Divide, 60–62

  encounter with Indians, 41–48

  legacy and legend of Sacagawea, 49–52

  linkage to Manifest Destiny, 30

  overwintering in North Dakota, 52–53

  reaching Montana and the Rockies, 54–60

  reaching Pacific Ocean, 62–71

  seeking Northwest Passage, 70

  unifying role in America, xix

  See also Jefferson, Thomas

  Licklider, Joseph (Internet pioneer), 420–21, 422–23

  Life on the Mississippi (Twain), 236

  light bulbs. See electricity/electric lights

  Lincoln, Abraham, 266–67, 270n, 349

  Lindbergh, Charles, 318n

  Lipchitz, Jacques (sculptor), 75

  Little Falls, New York, 209–10

  Litton, Jerry (rancher, congressman), 25–26

  Long, Stephen (military officer/explorer), 105

  Long Depression of 1873-1879, 255

  Lorentz, Pare (poet/filmmaker), 229–30

  Louisiana Purchase, 13, 16–20

  Lowell, Massachusetts, 193–95

  MacDonald, Thomas Harris (road builder), 295–305, 310, 312

  Mackenzie, Alexander
(Sir), 17–18

  Maclean, Norman (author), 57

  Maclure, William (geologist/philanthropist)

  arrival in America, 77–80

  beginning mapping of America, 80–83

  creation of New Harmony experiment, 83–87

  as father of American geology, 88, 90

  Madison, Wisconsin, 396–98, 401

  mail/postal service, 241, 248, 320, 324, 343

  Manifest Destiny

  border with Mexico (Gadsden Purchase), 107

  completing mapping of the West, 109–10

  Continentalism and, 100

  Louisiana Purchase (1803), 13, 16–20

  Mexican Cession (1848), 106

  Oregon Territory (1846), 106

  Texas, annexation of (1845), 106

  See also frontier thesis

  Manual of Mineralogy (Dana), 94

  mapmaking. See geological survey and mapping

  Marconi, Guglielmo (inventor), 370, 386–87, 390

  Marcy, Randolph B. (military officer/explorer), 94

  Marquette, Jacques (Jesuit priest), 175

  Marshall, Orsamus Holmes (historian), 177

  Marxism, 84

  Massacre at Wounded Knee (1890), 47–48

  McAdam, John Loudon (road builder), 245–47

  McCarthy, Joseph (Senator), 414

  McClellan, George B. (military officer/explorer), 94

  McKinley, Henry (engineer), 243

  Meier, Richard (architect), 75

  Merrimac River, 170

  metal

  as one of five classical elements, v, xx

  unifying role in America, xxii

  See also electricity/electric lights; radio; telegraph; telephone; television

  The Metallic Wealth of the United States (Whitney), 95

  Mexican Cession (1848), 106

  Michaux, Andre (botanist), 19n

  Minow, Newton (FCC chair), 416–17

  Minuteman missiles, 27–28

  Mississippi River

  discovery and exploration, 173, 175–76

  enduring loveliness of, 229–30

  flood control and power of, 233–37

  linkage to Great Lakes, 214–20

  steamboat era, 251

  unifying role in America, 227–29

  Missouri Breaks, 54–55

  Missouri River

  beginning of western trailheads, 96–99

  bridge crossing over, 270, 276, 289

  crossing High Plains, 37–38

  extension of Cumberland Road to, 247

  floods/flood control, 233–34, 290–91

  Lewis and Clark expedition, 22–24, 33–35, 40, 59

  Native American settlement, 231

  origins in Montana, 130–31

  starting transcontinental railroad at, 266–67

  Montana

  Beaver’s Head rock, 60

  Corps of Discovery entry, 54–56

  Gates of the Mountains, 56–58

  land boom of 1990s, 63–65

  Lemhi Pass, 60–62

  Mann Gulch Fire (1949), 57

  Missouri Breaks, 54–55

  Three Forks, 59

  Monticello (Jefferson estate), 3–6

  Montréal, Canada (“fall line” of St. Lawrence River), 169

  Moran, Thomas (artist), 133–36, 138

  Morgan, J. P. (financial baron), 362, 366, 374–75

  Morris, Gouverneur (American founding father), 198

  Morse, O’Reilly v. (U.S. Supreme Court, 1853), 341n

  Morse, Samuel B. (inventor), 328, 337–47, 350, 433

  Motier, Gilbert du (Marquis de Lafayette), 337

  Mount Adams, 67

  Mount St. Helens, 67–68

  Mullenger, Donna. See Reed, Donna (actress)

  Murrow, Edward R. (broadcast journalist), 414–15

  Natchez Trace (road), 242

  National Atlas of the United States, 223, 225, 441

  National Broadcasting Company (NBC), 397–98, 407–9

  National Electric Signaling Company (NESCO), 390

  National Highways Association, 302–3

  National Public Radio (NPR), 399–406

  Native Americans

  about tribal unity of, xvi–xvii

  concept of land ownership, 8–9

  connection and unity with rivers, 231

  dispossession from tribal lands, 14–15

  encroachment of white settlement, 331–33

  Lewis and Clark first encounters with, 41–48

  Meriwether Lewis knowledge of, 19

  questioning origins of, 20

  resistance to railroad expansion, 271

  as slave-owners, 50

  Trail of Tears, xxiii

  Neale, Walter (explorer), 170

  New Harmony, Indiana, 75–77, 84–88, 89

  New York American (newspaper), 318

  Nicollet, Joseph (geographer), 107–8

  9/11 terrorist attacks, 312–16

  Nixon, Richard M. (presidential candidate), 414

  North Platte, Nebraska, 278, 291, 294

  Northwest Territories

  concept of land ownership, 8–9

  early settlement, 7–8

  survey and land sales, 9–16

  nuclear power plants, 41

  nuclear weapons, 26–29, 234, 420

  Obama, Barack, xv, 46

  Ohio/Ohio River Valley

  British-French struggle over, 176–80

  early settlement, 7–8

  exploration by George Washington, 181–84

  Point of Beginning (survey marker), 10–12

  steamboat era, 251

  Omaha, Nebraska, 41, 97, 270, 276–77, 286–87, 289, 291

  An Ordinance for Ascertaining the Mode of Disposing of Lands in the Western Territory (Land Ordinance of 1785), 10

  Oregon Territory (1846), 106

  Oregon Trail, 24, 72, 96–100, 110, 131, 242, 292

  The Oregon Trail: Sketches of Prairie and Rocky Mountain Life (Parkman), 96–98

  O’Reilly v. Morse (U.S. Supreme Court, 1853), 341n

  Owen, David Dale (geologist), 88–91

  Owen, Robert (social reformer), 76–77, 83–86, 88

  Oxford History of the United States (Howe), 202

  Pacific Railroad Act of 1862, 267

  Pacific Telegraph Act of 1860, 348

  Panama Canal, 201n, 205

  Paradise, finding the American, 154, 222–25, 276–77

  Parkman, Francis, 96–98

  Parton, James (Jefferson biographer), 6

  Patent Act of 1790, 253

  Peck, Mizuo (actress), 50

  Penobscot River, 171

  Philippines and Pacific Islands, American colonization/annexation, 100

  Pine Ridge Reservation (South Dakota), 47–48

  Piscataqua River, 170

  Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 181, 183

  Pocahontas (aka Matoaka, Algonquian princess), 167–68

  Point of Beginning (survey marker), 10–12

  Pony Express, 292, 334–35

  postal service/mail delivery, 241, 248, 320, 324, 343

  Potomac River, 168

  Powell, John Wesley (geologist), 72

  background and education, 113–15

  director of U.S. Geological Service, 151

  experiences in military and teaching, 115–16

  exploration of Colorado River, 121–28

  exploration of Green River, 116–21

  naming of Grand Canyon, 128–29

  selection for Great Surveys (1867), 112–13

  Powell, Walter (Powell expedition survivor), 128

  Powhatan (Algonquian chief), 167

  Prescott, Benjamin (canal engineer), 191

  Prohibition, xxiii

  Promontory Summit, Utah, xiii, 103, 117, 272

  Public Broadcasting Act of 1967, 401

  public radio stations/network, 397, 400–406

  Public Works Administration (PWA), 382–83

  Quequechan River,
171

  race/race relations

  as unifying aspect in America, xvii, 403

  classification as “American” instead of by, 159–60

  frontier thesis and, 30

  inter-racial relationships/marriage, 141, 153–58

  origins of discrimination, 288

  racial passing, 158–60

  See also slaves/slavery

  radio

  about discovery and principles, 385–87

  AM/FM, defined, 388

  contributions of Tesla to, 370, 387

  development and experimentation, 387–90

  first transmission demonstration, 391–92

  launch of broadcast programming, 393–95

  launch of commercial programming, 396–400

  role of educational/public stations, 397, 400–406

  unifying role in America, 395–96, 402–3, 406, 413, 416

  Radio Corporation of America (RCA), 396

  Railroad Act of 1862, 267

  Railroad Act of 1863, 270n

  railroads

  application of steam technology, 251–52

  beginning mapping of the West, 109–10

  canal and river traffic replaced by, 257

  Chicago as nexus, 317

  economic and social impact, 255–57

  freight traffic, 277–78

  impact of Interstate Highway System, 310

  limitations on moving military vehicles, 284

  passenger traffic, the automobile and, 278–80

  role of slavery, 263

  unifying role in America, 237, 257–58, 413

  See also transcontinental railroad

  Ralston, William (banker), 143–50

  Randolph, Isham (engineer), 215, 219–20

  Rappahannock River, 168–69

  Raynolds, William F. (military officer/explorer), 108

  Reed, Donna (actress), 50, 52, 289–90

  regionalism, frontier thesis and, 30

  Rennie, John (canal engineer), 189

  Richmond, Virginia (“fall line” of Potomac River), 168–70, 184

  The River (documentary film, 1938), 229–30, 233

  rivers/river exploration

  Allegheny River, 182–83

  Arkansas River, 176

  beyond “fall line,” 175–80

  Connecticut River, 170

  crossing Eastern Divide, 181–84

  flood control and power of, 233–37

  Hudson River, 171, 196–202

  James River, 168, 184

  Kanawha River, 183–84

  Kennebec River, 171

  Mississippi River, 175–76

  Mohawk River, 196–202

  Ohio River, 176–80, 183–84

  Penobscot River, 171

  phenomenon of “fall line,” 169–70

  Piscataqua River, 170

  Potomac River, 168

  Quequechan River, 171

  Rappahannock River, 168–69

  Saint Lawrence River, 169