In thee, that its great Maker did not scorn,
Himself, in his own work enclos'd to dwell!
For in thy womb rekindling shone the love
Reveal'd, whose genial influence makes now
This flower to germin in eternal peace!
Here thou to us, of charity and love,
Art, as the noon-day torch: and art, beneath,
To mortal men, of hope a living spring.
So mighty art thou, lady! and so great,
That he who grace desireth, and comes not
To thee for aidance, fain would have desire
Fly without wings. Nor only him who asks,
Thy bounty succours, but doth freely oft
Forerun the asking. Whatsoe'er may be
Of excellence in creature, pity mild,
Relenting mercy, large munificence,
Are all combin'd in thee. Here kneeleth one,
Who of all spirits hath review'd the state,
From the world's lowest gap unto this height.
Suppliant to thee he kneels, imploring grace
For virtue, yet more high to lift his ken
Toward the bliss supreme. And I, who ne'er
Coveted sight, more fondly, for myself,
Than now for him, my prayers to thee prefer,
(And pray they be not scant) that thou wouldst drive
Each cloud of his mortality away;
That on the sovran pleasure he may gaze.
This also I entreat of thee, O queen!
Who canst do what thou wilt! that in him thou
Wouldst after all he hath beheld, preserve
Affection sound, and human passions quell.
Lo! Where, with Beatrice, many a saint
Stretch their clasp'd hands, in furtherance of my suit!"
The eyes, that heav'n with love and awe regards,
Fix'd on the suitor, witness'd, how benign
She looks on pious pray'rs: then fasten'd they
On th' everlasting light, wherein no eye
Of creature, as may well be thought, so far
Can travel inward. I, meanwhile, who drew
Near to the limit, where all wishes end,
The ardour of my wish (for so behooved),
Ended within me. Beck'ning smil'd the sage,
That I should look aloft: but, ere he bade,
Already of myself aloft I look'd;
For visual strength, refining more and more,
Bare me into the ray authentical
Of sovran light. Thenceforward, what I saw,
Was not for words to speak, nor memory's self
To stand against such outrage on her skill.
As one, who from a dream awaken'd, straight,
All he hath seen forgets; yet still retains
Impression of the feeling in his dream;
E'en such am I: for all the vision dies,
As 't were, away; and yet the sense of sweet,
That sprang from it, still trickles in my heart.
Thus in the sun-thaw is the snow unseal'd;
Thus in the winds on flitting leaves was lost
The Sybil's sentence. O eternal beam!
(Whose height what reach of mortal thought may soar?)
Yield me again some little particle
Of what thou then appearedst, give my tongue
Power, but to leave one sparkle of thy glory,
Unto the race to come, that shall not lose
Thy triumph wholly, if thou waken aught
Of memory in me, and endure to hear
The record sound in this unequal strain.
Such keenness from the living ray I met,
That, if mine eyes had turn'd away, methinks,
I had been lost; but, so embolden'd, on
I pass'd, as I remember, till my view
Hover'd the brink of dread infinitude.
O grace! unenvying of thy boon! that gav'st
Boldness to fix so earnestly my ken
On th' everlasting splendour, that I look'd,
While sight was unconsum'd, and, in that depth,
Saw in one volume clasp'd of love, whatever
The universe unfolds; all properties
Of substance and of accident, beheld,
Compounded, yet one individual light
The whole. And of such bond methinks I saw
The universal form: for that whenever
I do but speak of it, my soul dilates
Beyond her proper self; and, till I speak,
One moment seems a longer lethargy,
Than five-and-twenty ages had appear'd
To that emprize, that first made Neptune wonder
At Argo's shadow darkening on his flood.
With fixed heed, suspense and motionless,
Wond'ring I gaz'd; and admiration still
Was kindled, as I gaz'd. It may not be,
That one, who looks upon that light, can turn
To other object, willingly, his view.
For all the good, that will may covet, there
Is summ'd; and all, elsewhere defective found,
Complete. My tongue shall utter now, no more
E'en what remembrance keeps, than could the babe's
That yet is moisten'd at his mother's breast.
Not that the semblance of the living light
Was chang'd (that ever as at first remain'd)
But that my vision quickening, in that sole
Appearance, still new miracles descry'd,
And toil'd me with the change. In that abyss
Of radiance, clear and lofty, seem'd methought,
Three orbs of triple hue clipt in one bound:
And, from another, one reflected seem'd,
As rainbow is from rainbow: and the third
Seem'd fire, breath'd equally from both. Oh speech
How feeble and how faint art thou, to give
Conception birth! Yet this to what I saw
Is less than little. Oh eternal light!
Sole in thyself that dwellst; and of thyself
Sole understood, past, present, or to come!
Thou smiledst; on that circling, which in thee
Seem'd as reflected splendour, while I mus'd;
For I therein, methought, in its own hue
Beheld our image painted: steadfastly
I therefore por'd upon the view. As one
Who vers'd in geometric lore, would fain
Measure the circle; and, though pondering long
And deeply, that beginning, which he needs,
Finds not; e'en such was I, intent to scan
The novel wonder, and trace out the form,
How to the circle fitted, and therein
How plac'd: but the flight was not for my wing;
Had not a flash darted athwart my mind,
And in the spleen unfolded what it sought.
Here vigour fail'd the tow'ring fantasy:
But yet the will roll'd onward, like a wheel
In even motion, by the Love impell'd,
That moves the sun in heav'n and all the stars.
NOTES TO PARADISE
CANTO 1
Verse 12. Benign Apollo.] Chaucer has imitated this invention
very closely at the beginning of the Third Booke of Fame.
If, divine vertue, thou
Wilt helpe me to shewe now
That in my head ymarked is,
* * * * *
Thou shalt see me go as blive
Unto the next laurer I see,
And kisse it for it is thy tree
Now entre thou my breast anone.
v. 15. Thus for.] He appears to mean nothing more than that
this part of his poem will require a greater exertion of his
powers than the former.
v. 19. Marsyas.] Ovid, Met. 1. vi. fab. 7. Compare Boccaccio,
II Filocopo, 1. 5. p. 25. v. ii. Ediz. Fir. 1723. "Egli
nel
mio petto entri," &c. - "May he enter my bosom, and let my voice
sound like his own, when he made that daring mortal deserve to
come forth unsheathed from his limbs. "
v. 29. Caesar, or bard.] So Petrarch, Son. Par. Prima.
Arbor vittoriosa e trionfale,
Onor d'imperadori e di poeti.
And Spenser, F. Q. b. i. c. 1. st. 9,
The laurel, meed of mighty conquerours
And poets sage.
v. 37. Through that.] "Where the four circles, the horizon, the
zodiac, the equator, and the equinoctial colure, join; the last
threeintersecting each other so as to form three crosses, as may
be seen in the armillary sphere."
v. 39. In happiest constellation.] Aries. Some understand the
planetVenus by the "miglior stella "
v. 44. To the left.] Being in the opposite hemisphere to ours,
Beatrice that she may behold the rising sun, turns herself to the
left.
v. 47. As from the first a second beam.] "Like a reflected
sunbeam," which he compares to a pilgrim hastening homewards.
Ne simil tanto mal raggio secondo
Dal primo usci.
Filicaja, canz. 15. st. 4.
v. 58. As iron that comes boiling from the fire.] So Milton,
P. L. b. iii. 594.
--As glowing iron with fire.
v. 69. Upon the day appear'd.
--If the heaven had ywonne,
All new of God another sunne.
Chaucer, First Booke of Fame
E par ch' agginuga un altro sole al cielo.
Ariosto, O F. c. x. st. 109.
Ed ecco un lustro lampeggiar d' intorno
Che sole a sole aggiunse e giorno a giorno.
Manno, Adone. c. xi. st. 27.
Quando a paro col sol ma piu lucente
L'angelo gli appari sull; oriente
Tasso, G. L. c. i.
-Seems another morn
Ris'n on mid-noon.
Milton, P. L. b. v. 311.
Compare Euripides, Ion. 1550. [GREEK HERE]
66. as Glaucus. ] Ovid, Met. 1. Xiii. Fab. 9
v. 71. If.] "Thou O divine Spirit, knowest whether 1 had not
risen above my human nature, and were not merely such as thou
hadst then, formed me."
v. 125. Through sluggishness.]
Perch' a risponder la materia e sorda.
So Filicaja, canz. vi. st 9.
Perche a risponder la discordia e sorda
"The workman hath in his heart a purpose, he carrieth in mind the
whole form which his work should have; there wanteth not him
skill and desire to bring his labour to the best effect, only the
matter, which he hath to work on is unframeable." Hooker's Eccl.
Polity, b. 5. 9.
CANTO II
v. 1. In small bark.]
Con la barchetta mia cantando in rima
Pulci, Morg. Magg. c. xxviii.
Io me n'andro con la barchetta mia,
Quanto l'acqua comporta un picciol legno
Ibid.
v. 30. This first star.] the moon
v. 46. E'en as the truth.] Like a truth that does not need
demonstration, but is self-evident."
v. 52. Cain.] Compare Hell, Canto XX. 123. And Note
v. 65. Number1ess lights.] The fixed stars, which differ both
in bulk and splendor.
v. 71. Save one.] "Except that principle of rarity and
denseness which thou hast assigned." By "formal principles,
"principj formali, are meant constituent or essential causes."
Milton, in imitation of this passage, introduces the angel
arguing with Adam respecting the causes of the spots on the moon.
But, as a late French translator of the Paradise well remarks,
his reasoning is physical; that of Dante partly metaphysical and
partly theologic.
v. 111. Within the heaven.] According to our Poet's system,
there are ten heavens; the seven planets, the eighth spheres
containing the fixed stars, the primum mobile, and the empyrean.
v. 143. The virtue mingled.] Virg. Aen. 1. vi 724.
Principio coelum, &c.
CANTO III
v. 16. Delusion.] "An error the contrary to that of Narcissus,
because he mistook a shadow for a substance, I a substance for a
shadow."
v. 50. Piccarda.] The sister of Forese whom we have seen in the
Purgatory, Canto XXIII.
v. 90. The Lady.] St. Clare, the foundress of the order called
after her She was born of opulent and noble parents at Assisi, in
1193, and died in 1253. See Biogr. Univ. t. 1. p. 598. 8vo.
Paris, 1813.
v. 121. Constance.] Daughter of Ruggieri, king of Sicily, who,
being taken by force out of a monastery where she had professed,
was married to the Emperor Henry Vl. and by him was mother to
Frederick 11. She was fifty years old or more at the time, and
"because it was not credited that she could have a child at that
age, she was delivered in a pavilion and it was given out, that
any lady, who pleased, was at liberty to see her. Many came, and
saw her, and the suspicion ceased." Ricordano Malaspina in
Muratori, Rer. It. Script. t. viii. p. 939; and G. Villani, in
the same words, Hist. I v. c. 16
The French translator above mentored speaks of her having
poisoned her husband. The death of Henry Vl. is recorded in the
Chronicon Siciliae, by an anonymous writer, (Muratori, t. x.) but
not a word of his having been poisoned by Constance, and
Ricordano Malaspina even mentions her decease as happening before
that of her husband, Henry V., for so this author, with some
others, terms him. v. 122. The second.] Henry Vl. son of
Frederick I was the second emperor of the house of Saab; and his
son Frederick II "the third and last."
CANTO IV
v. 6. Between two deer]
Tigris ut auditis, diversa valle duorum
Extimulata fame, mugitibus armentorum
Neseit utro potius ruat, et ruere ardet utroque.
Ovid, Metam. 1. v. 166
v. 13. Daniel.] See Daniel, c. ii.
v. 24. Plato.] [GREEK HERE] Plato Timaeus v. ix. p. 326.
Edit. Bip. "The Creator, when he had framed the universe,
distributed to the stars an equal number of souls, appointing to
each soul its several star."
v. 27. Of that.] Plato's opinion.
v. 34. The first circle.] The empyrean.
v. 48. Him who made Tobias whole.]
Raphael, the sociable spirit, that deign'd
To travel with Tobias, and secur'd
His marriage with the sev'n times wedded maid,
Milton, P. L. b. v. 223.
v. 67. That to the eye of man.] "That the ways of divine
justice are often inscrutable to man, ought rather to be a motive
to faith than an inducement to heresy." Such appears to me the
most satisfactory explanation of the passage.
v. 82. Laurence.] Who suffered martyrdom in the third century.
v. 82. Scaevola.] See Liv. Hist. D. 1. 1. ii. 12.
v. 100. Alcmaeon.] Ovid, Met. 1. ix. f. 10.
--Ultusque parente parentem
Natus, erit facto pius et sceleratus eodem.
v. 107. Of will.] "What Piccarda asserts of Constance, that she
retained her affection to the monastic life, is said absolutely
r /> and without relation to circumstances; and that which I affirm is
spoken of the will conditionally and respectively: so that our
apparent difference is without any disagreement."
v. 119. That truth.] The light of divine truth.
CANTO V
v. 43. Two things.] The one, the substance of the vow; the
other, the compact, or form of it.
v. 48. It was enjoin'd the Israelites.] See Lev. e. xii, and
xxvii.
v. 56. Either key.] Purgatory, Canto IX. 108.
v. 86. That region.] As some explain it, the east, according to
others the equinoctial line.
v. 124. This sphere.] The planet Mercury, which, being nearest
to the sun, is oftenest hidden by that luminary
CANTO VI
v. 1. After that Constantine the eagle turn'd.] Constantine,
in transferring the seat of empire from Rome to Byzantium,
carried the eagle, the Imperial ensign, from the west to the
east. Aeneas, on the contrary had moved along with the sun's
course, when he passed from Troy to Italy.
v. 5. A hundred years twice told and more.] The Emperor
Constantine entered Byzantium in 324, and Justinian began his
reign in 527.
v. 6. At Europe's extreme point.] Constantinople being situated
at the extreme of Europe, and on the borders of Asia, near those
mountains
in the neighbourhood of Troy, from whence the first founders of
Rome had emigrated.
v. 13. To clear th' incumber'd laws.] The code of laws was
abridged and reformed by Justinian.
v. 15. Christ's nature merely human.] Justinian is said to have
been a follower of the heretical Opinions held by Eutyches," who
taught that in Christ there was but one nature, viz. that of the
incarnate word."
Maclaine's Mosheim, t. ii. Cent. v. p. ii. c. v. 13.
v. 16. Agapete.] Agapetus, Bishop of Rome, whose Scheda Regia,
addressed to the Emperor Justinian, procured him a place among
the wisest and most judicious writers of this century."
Ibid. Cent. vi. p. ii c. ii. 8.
v. 33. Who pretend its power.] The Ghibellines.
v. 33. And who oppose ] The Guelphs.
v. 34. Pallas died.] See Virgil, Aen. 1. X.
v. 39. The rival three.] The Horatii and Curiatii.
v. 41. Down.] "From the rape of the Sabine women to the
violation of Lucretia."
v. 47. Quintius.] Quintius Cincinnatus.
E Cincinnato dall' inculta chioma.
Petrarca.
v. 50. Arab hordes.] The Arabians seem to be put for the
barbarians in general.
v. 54. That hill.] The city of Fesulae, which was sacked by the
Romans after the defeat of Cataline.
v. 56. Near the hour.] Near the time of our Saviour's birth.
v. 59. What then it wrought.] In the following fifteen lines
the Poet has comprised the exploits of Julius Caesar.
v. 75. In its next bearer's gripe.] With Augustus Caesar.
v. 89. The third Caesar.] "Tiberius the third of the Caesars,
had it in his power to surpass the glory of all who either
preceded or came after him, by destroying the city of .Jerusalem,
as Titus afterwards did, and thus revenging the cause of God
himself on the Jews."
v. 95. Vengeance for vengeance ] This will be afterwards
explained by the Poet himself.
v. 98. Charlemagne.] Dante could not be ignorant that the reign
of Justinian was long prior to that of Charlemagne; but the
spirit of the former emperor is represented, both in this
instance and in what follows, as conscious of the events that had
taken place after his own time.
v. 104. The yellow lilies.] The French ensign.
v. 110. Charles.] The commentators explain this to mean Charles
II, king of Naples and Sicily. Is it not more likely to allude to
Charles of Valois, son of Philip III of France, who was sent for,
about this time, into Italy by Pope Boniface, with the promise of
being made emperor? See G. Villani, 1. viii. c. 42.
v. 131. Romeo's light.] The story of Romeo is involved in some
uncertainty. The French writers assert the continuance of his
ministerial office even after the decease of his soverign
Raymond Berenger, count of Provence: and they rest this assertion
chiefly on the fact of a certain Romieu de Villeneuve, who was
the contemporary of that prince, having left large possessions
behind him, as appears by his will, preserved in the archives of