20. Olin D. Wheeler, The Trail of Lewis and Clark, 1804–1806 (New York, 1904), vol. I, p. 122.
21. Appleman, Lewis and Clark, p. 57.
22. Arlen Large, “ ‘Additions to the Party’: How an Expedition Grew and Grew,” We Proceeded On, vol. 16, no. 1 (Feb. 1990), pp. 4–7.
23. Arlen Large, “Lewis and Clark: Part Time Astronomers.” We Proceeded On, vol. 5, no. 1 (Feb. 1979), pp. 8–10.
Ten: UP THE MISSISSIPPI TO WINTER CAMP
1. Arlen Large, “ ‘Additions to the Party’: How an Expedition Grew and Grew,” We Proceeded On, vol. 16, no. 1 (Feb. 1990), p. 7.
2. Ibid.
3. Donald Jackson, ed., Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, with Related Documents: 1783–1854, 2nd ed. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978), vol. I, p. 142.
4. Ibid., p. 143.
5. Ibid., pp. 148–57.
6. Roy Appleman, Lewis and Clark (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1975), p. 73.
7. Samuel W. Thomas, “William Clark’s 1795 and 1797 Journals and Their Significance,” Missouri Historical Society Bulletin, July 1969, pp. 277–95.
8. Richard E. Oglesby, Manuel Lisa and the Opening of the Missouri Fur Trade (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963), p. 30.
9. Jackson, Letters, vol. I, pp. 217–18, has the list.
10. Ibid., p. 144.
11. Ibid., p. 163.
12. Ibid., pp. 165–66.
13. Paul Russell Cutright, Lewis and Clark: Pioneering Naturalists (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986), pp. 41–42.
14. Donald Jackson, Thomas Jefferson and the Stony Mountains: Exploring the West from Monticello (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1981), p. 161.
15. Michael Brodhead, “The Military Naturalist: A Lewis and Clark Heritage,” We Proceeded On, vol. 9, no. 4 (Nov. 1983), p. 6.
16. Jackson, Letters, vol. I, p. 173.
17. Appleman, Lewis and Clark, pp. 67–68.
18. Jackson, Letters, vol. I, pp. 167–68.
19. Appleman, Lewis and Clark, p. 73.
20. Patrick Gass, A Journal of the Voyages and Travels of a Corps of Discovery Under the Command of Capt. Lewis and Capt. Clark, ed. David McKeehan (Minneapolis: Ross and Haines, 1958). p. 12.
21. Jackson, Letters, vol. I, pp. 176–77.
Eleven: READY TO DEPART
1. Donald Jackson, ed., Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, with Related Documents: 1783–1854, 2nd ed. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978), vol. I, p. 179.
2. Ibid., p. 173.
3. Ibid., p. 179.
4. Ibid., vol. II, pp. 571–72.
5. Theodore J. Crackel, Mr. Jefferson’s Army: Political and Social Reform of the Military Establishment, 1801–1809 (New York: New York University Press, 1987), pp. 109–10.
6. Jackson, Letters, vol. I, pp. 189–90.
7. Ibid., pp. 192–95.
8. Roy Appleman, Lewis and Clark (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1975), p. 79.
9. Jackson, Letters, vol. I, p. 196.
Twelve: UP THE MISSOURI
1. Donald Jackson, Thomas Jefferson and the Stony Mountains: Exploring the West from Monticello (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1981), p. 163.
2. Ibid., p. 186.
3. Quoted in Robert Hunt, “Gills and Drams of Consolation: Ardent Spirits on the Lewis and Clark Expedition,” We Proceeded On, vol. 17, no. 3 (Feb. 1991), p. 19.
4. Ibid., pp. 20–22.
5. Jackson, Jefferson and the Stony Mountains, p. 182.
6. Paul Russell Cutright, Lewis and Clark: Pioneering Naturalists (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986), p. 70.
Thirteen: ENTERING INDIAN COUNTRY
1. For a discussion, see Paul Russell Cutright, Lewis and Clark: Pioneering Naturalists (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986).
2. James P. Ronda, Lewis and Clark Among the Indians (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984), p. 3.
3. Ibid., p. 7.
4. Ibid., p. 9.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid., p. 189.
7. Donald Jackson, ed., Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, with Related Documents: 1783–1854, 2nd ed. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978), vol. I, pp. 203–8.
8. Ronda, Lewis and Clark Among the Indians, p. 19.
9. Eldon G. Chuinard, Only One Man Died: The Medical Aspects of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (Glendale, Calif.: Arthur Clark Company, 1980), p. 167.
10. Ronda, Lewis and Clark Among the Indians, p. 19.
Fourteen: ENCOUNTER WITH THE SIOUX
1. James P. Ronda, Lewis and Clark Among the Indians (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984), p. 33. Ronda has a brilliant chapter on this event.
2. Ibid., p. 36.
3. Ibid., pp. 39–40.
Fifteen: TO THE MANDANS
1. Raymond Darwin Burroughs, The Natural History of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1961), p. 236.
2. James P. Ronda, Lewis and Clark Among the Indians (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984), chap. 3, is an excellent description of the Arikara.
3. Ibid., p. 55.
4. Ibid., p. 63.
5. Ibid., chap. 4, is indispensable on the Mandans and Hidatsas.
6. Donald Jackson, ed., Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, with Related Documents: 1783–1854, 2nd ed. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978), vol. I, pp. 213–14.
7. Gary Moulton, ed., The Journals of the Lewis & Clark Expedition, vol. 3 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1987), p. 241, n. 2, discusses Larocque. Larocque’s journal is printed in L. R. Masson, Les Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest (New York: Antiquarian Press, 1960 reprint), pp. 304–11.
8. MacKenzie’s journal is reprinted in Masson, Bourgeois, pp. 330–39.
9. Quoted in Ronda, Lewis and Clark Among the Indians, p. 88.
10. Reuben Gold Thwaites, ed., Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (New York: Arno Press reprint, 1969), vol. I, p. 227, n. 1; Masson, Bourgeois, p. 310.
11. Masson, Bourgeois, pp. 336–37.
12. Ibid., p. 330.
13. Thwaites, ed., Original Journals, vol. I, p. 227, n. 1.
14. See Lewis’s entry of Aug. 24, 1805.
15. Ronda, Lewis and Clark Among the Indians, p. 93.
16. Masson, Bourgeois, p. 331.
Sixteen: WINTER AT FORT MANDAN
1. Arlen J. Large, “ ‘. . . It Thundered and Lightened’: The Weather Observations of Lewis and Clark,” We Proceeded On, vol. 12, no. 2 (May 1986), p. 8.
2. James Ronda, “A Most Perfect Harmony: Life at Fort Mandan,” We Proceeded On, vol. 14, no. 4 (Nov. 1988), p. 8.
3. James P. Ronda, Lewis and Clark Among the Indians (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984), p. 109.
4. Ibid., pp. 100–103.
5. Ibid., p. 107.
6. Eldon G. Chuinard, Only One Man Died: The Medical Aspects of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (Glendale, Calif.: Arthur Clark Company, 1980), p. 267.
7. Ibid., p. 268.
8. Ibid., p. 264.
9. For a discussion of food intake in the conditions facing the expedition, see Jim Smithers, “Food for Mackenzie,” We Proceeded On, vol. 15, no. 1 (Feb. 1989).
10. Ronda, Lewis and Clark Among the Indians, p. 103.
11. Donald Jackson, ed., Thomas Jefferson and the Stony Mountains: Exploring the West from Monticello (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1981), p. 172.
12. Donald Jackson, Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, with Related Documents: 1783–1854, 2nd ed. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978), vol. I, p. 218.
Seventeen: REPORT FROM FORT MANDAN
1. Gary Moulton, ed., The Journals of the Lewis & Clark Expedition, vol. 3 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1987), p. 333.
2. L. R. Masson, Les Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest (New York: Antiquarian Press, 1960 reprint), pp. 336–37.
3. James P. Ronda, Lewis a
nd Clark Among the Indians (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984), p. 121.
4. The text I use here is Moulton, ed., Journals, vol. 3, pp. 336–69.
5. Donald Jackson, ed., Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, with Related Documents: 1783–1854, 2nd ed. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978), vol. I, pp. 222–23.
6. Moulton, ed., Journals, vol. 3, pp. 386–450.
7. Jackson, Letters, vol. I, p. 220.
8. Eldon G. Chuinard, Only One Man Died: The Medical Aspects of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (Glendale, Calif.: Arthur Clark Company, 1980), pp. 271–72. Chuinard notes that the plant was widely known for its anti-snakebite properties among frontiersmen.
9. Jackson, Letters, vol. I, pp. 232–33.
Eighteen: FROM FORT MANDAN TO MARIAS RIVER
1. Eldon G. Chuinard, Only One Man Died: The Medical Aspects of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (Glendale, Calif.: Arthur Clark Company, 1980), p. 43.
2. Ibid., pp. 158, 279; Gary Moulton, ed., The Journals of the Lewis & Clark Expedition (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989), n. for April 24, 1805.
3. Chuinard, Only One Man Died, p. 24; Lewis’s entry of May 10, 1805.
4. Gary Moulton has an excellent chapter on the question of whether Lewis was a risk-taker, using this incident among others to argue that with Lewis reason won out over impulse, restraint over rashness. See “Lewis and Clark: Meeting the Challenges of the Trail,” in Carlos Schwantee, ed., Encounters with a Distant Land: Exploration and the Great Northwest (Moscow: University of Idaho Press, 1994), p. 105.
5. Entry of May 30, 1805.
6. Donald Jackson, Thomas Jefferson and the Stony Mountains: Exploring the West from Monticello (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1981), pp. 194–95.
7. According to Moulton (n. 6 for entry of May 31, 1805), it was not a distinct species, as Lewis supposed, but a cross fox, a color phase of the red fox.
Twenty: THE GREAT PORTAGE
1. Eldon G. Chuinard, Only One Man Died: The Medical Aspects of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (Glendale, Calif.: Arthur Clark Company, 1980), p. 291.
2. Ibid., p. 290.
3. Ibid., p. 156.
4. Paul Russell Cutright, Lewis and Clark: Pioneering Naturalists (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1969), p. 332.
Twenty-one: LOOKING FOR THE SHOSHONES
1. Donald Jackson, Thomas Jefferson and the Stony Mountains: Exploring the West from Monticello (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1981), p. 197.
2. Donald Jackson, Among the Sleeping Giants, p. 16.
3. James P. Ronda, Lewis and Clark Among the Indians (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984), p. 140; Roy Appleman, Lewis and Clark (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1975), p. 155.
4. Ronda, Lewis and Clark Among the Indians, p. 140.
5. John Logan Allen, “Summer of Decision: Lewis and Clark in Montana, 1805,” We Proceeded On, vol. 8, no. 4 (Fall 1976), p. 10.
Twenty-two: OVER THE CONTINENTAL DIVIDE
1. James P. Ronda, Lewis and Clark Among the Indians (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984), p. 143.
2. Gary Moulton, ed., The Journals of the Lewis & Clark Expedition, vol. 5 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1988), p. 116.
3. Biddle edition of the Journals.
4. Ronda, Lewis and Clark Among the Indians, p. 147.
5. Ibid., p. 154.
Twenty-four: OVER THE BITTERROOTS
1. Harry M. Majors, “Lewis and Clark Enter the Rocky Mountains,” Northwest Discovery, vol. 7 (April and May 1986), pp. 4–120, as quoted in The Journals of the Lewis & Clark Expedition, Gary Moulton, ed. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1988), vol. 5, p. 186.
2. Quoted in James P. Ronda, Lewis and Clark Among the Indians (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984), p. 156.
3. Roy Appleman, Lewis and Clark (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1975), p. 169. No matter how hungry, the Shoshones and the Salish never ate horsemeat. The Americans preferred not to but would if necessary.
4. Quoted in Ronda, Lewis and Clark Among the Indians, p. 157.
5. Lewis made the comment in a letter of Sept. 29, 1806, reprinted in Donald Jackson, ed., Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, with Related Documents: 1783–1854, 2nd ed. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978), vol. I, p. 339.
6. Ibid.
7. Eldon G. Chuinard, Only One Man Died: The Medical Aspects of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (Glendale, Calif.: Arthur Clark Company, 1980), p. 321.
8. Gary Moulton, ed., The Journals of the Lewis & Clark Expedition, vol. 5 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989), p. 225; Ronda, Lewis and Clark Among the Indians, p. 159.
9. Jackson, Letters, vol. I, p. 339.
Twenty-five: DOWN THE COLUMBIA
1. Verne F. Ray, “Lewis and Clark and the Nez Perce Indians,” The Great Western Series, no. 10 (Dec. 1971), pp. 1–2.
2. James P. Ronda, Lewis and Clark Among the Indians (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984), pp. 171–72.
3. Ibid., p. 178.
4. Gary Moulton, ed., The Journals of the Lewis & Clark Expedition, vol. 6 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989), p. 104.
Twenty-six: FORT CLATSOP
1. James P. Ronda, Lewis and Clark Among the Indians (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984), pp. 202–3, has an extended discussion of this point. He goes further in condemning the captains for their attitude than I would.
2. Ibid.
3. Roy Appleman, Lewis and Clark (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1975), p. 197.
4. Paul Russell Cutright, Lewis and Clark: Pioneering Naturalists (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986), pp. 258–60.
5. Ibid., p. 261.
6. Donald Jackson, ed., Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, with Related Documents: 1783–1854, 2nd ed. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978), vol. I, p. 218.
7. Cutright, Lewis and Clark, p. 398.
8. John Logan Allen, Passage Through the Garden: Lewis and Clark and the Image of the American Northwest (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1975), p. 324.
9. Ibid., p. 325.
10. Jackson, Letters, vol. I, p. 336.
11. Ronda, Lewis and Clark Among the Indians, pp. 210–11.
Twenty-seven: LEWIS AS ETHNOGRAPHER: The Clatsops and the Chinooks
1. Cutright, Lewis and Clark: Pioneering Naturalists, pp. 272–73; for a full discussion of Lewis and Clark with the Chinookans, see chapter six, “Cloth Men Soldiers,” in Robert H. Ruby and John A. Brown, The Chinook Indians: Traders of the Lower Columbia River (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1976).
Twenty-eight: JEFFERSON AND THE WEST
1. Donald Jackson, ed., Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, with Related Documents: 1783–1854, 2nd ed. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978), vol. I, pp. 199–200.
2. Ibid., p. 209.
3. Ibid., pp. 201–2.
4. Ibid., p. 215.
5. Ibid., p. 216.
6. Ibid., vol. II, p. 215.
7. Ibid., p. 687.
8. Donald Jackson, Thomas Jefferson and the Stony Mountains: Exploring the West from Monticello (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1981), p. 153.
9. Ibid.
10. David J. Weber, The Spanish Frontier in North America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), p. 294.
11. Jackson, Letters, vol. I, pp. 688–89.
12. Ibid., pp. 259, 264–65.
13. Jackson, Jefferson and the Stony Mountains, p. 214.
14. Jackson, Letters, vol. II, p. 155.
15. Ibid., p. 689.
16. Jackson, Jefferson and the Stony Mountains, pp. 216.
17. Ibid., pp. 216–17.
18. Ibid., p. 217.
19. Ibid., p. 214.
20. Jackson, Letters, vol. I, p. 245.
21. Ibid., vol. II, p. 691.
22. Edwin Morris Betts and James Adam Bear, eds., The Family Letters of Thomas Jefferson (Charlottesville
: University Press of Virginia, 1986 reprint of 1960 University of Missouri Press ed.), p. 275.
23. Jackson, Letters, vol. I, p. 251.
24. Dumas Malone, Jefferson the President: Second Term (Boston: Little, Brown, 1974), p. 189.
25. Ibid., p. 189.
26. Ibid., p. 190.
27. Paul Russell Cutright, A History of the Lewis and Clark Journals (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1976), pp. 13–14.
28. Malone, Jefferson the President: Second Term, p. 190.
29. Jackson, Letters, vol. I, pp. 281–82, 286.
30. Ibid., pp. 290–91.
31. Gary Moulton, ed., The Journals of the Lewis & Clark Expedition, vol. 6 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989), p. 86.
32. Arlen Large, “The Empty Anchorage: Why No Ship Came for Lewis and Clark,” We Proceeded On, vol. 15, no. 1 (Feb. 1989), p. 9.
33. Jackson, Letters, vol. II, p. 650.
Twenty-nine: RETURN TO THE NEZ PERCÉ
1. Gary Moulton, ed., The Journals of the Lewis & Clark Expedition, vol. 7 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1990), p. 186.
2. James P. Ronda, Lewis and Clark Among the Indians (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984), p. 225.
3. Moulton, ed., Journals, vol. 7, p. 348.
4. Ibid., p. 297.
5. Cutright, Lewis and Clark: Pioneering Naturalists (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986), pp. 297–99.
Thirty: THE LOLO TRAIL
1. James P. Ronda, Lewis and Clark Among the Indians (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984), p. 236.
2. The letter, written on July 1 but dated July 20, is in Donald Jackson, ed., Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, with Related Documents: 1783–1854, 2nd ed. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978), vol. I, pp. 309–13.