business affairs of, 98, 102, 125, 454, 468–69
captain’s commission withheld from, 134–36, 351, 411
compensation and reward of, 425
courtship and marriage of, 422, 429, 437
expeditionary co-command proposed by ML to, 97–99
illness and injury of, 113, 255, 259–60, 261, 262, 301
journals of, 108–10, 130, 137, 144, 147, 149, 150, 160–61, 171, 174–175, 202, 241, 244, 249, 255–56, 259, 285, 293, 311–13, 341, 350, 370, 372, 406
as judge of men, 105, 128
mapmaking of, 97, 137, 207, 331, 336, 350, 351, 398, 406, 410–11, 420, 431–32
medical practices of, 360, 364–65
ML’s correspondence with, 97–99, 439, 448
political appointment of, 425–26, 448, 450, 478
politics of, 117
son born to, 460
TJ and, 35, 46, 98, 133
as woodsman and waterman, 141, 166–168, 193, 196, 198, 212n, 234, 371
writing style of, 144, 255
see also Lewis and Clark
Clarksville, Indiana Territory, 98, 104, 117, 118
Clatsop Indians, 313–16, 318–20, 324, 326–29, 334–36, 337–41, 370, 377
Clearwater River, 299, 301–2, 368, 373, 406
Cloverfields, 22, 26
Coboway (chief), 318, 335–36
Collins, John, 148–49, 150, 416
Colorado River, 55, 94
Colter, John, 105, 114, 129, 130, 161, 165, 168–69, 282, 292, 313–16, 355, 399, 481
Columbia, 37, 54, 70
Columbia River, 70–75, 84, 94, 98, 206, 209, 210, 221, 230, 252n, 259, 262–263, 267, 291, 299, 303, 352
ascent of, 353–55
The Dalles of, 305, 354, 356, 361–62, 406
descent of, 84, 304–15, 333
estuary of, 37, 54, 70, 80, 234, 235n, 270, 338, 366
portage, 305, 306, 334
rapids and falls of, 304–7, 311, 335
Columbus, Christopher, 139, 212, 216, 344, 410, 414, 423, 474
Committee of Correspondence, 19
Congress, U.S., 48, 49, 59, 62, 73, 226, 413
compensations authorized by, 412, 414, 418, 421–25
expedition authorized by, 77–79, 80, 81, 96
TJ’s reports to, 205, 346, 351, 411, 418
Conrad, John, 431, 435
Constitution, U.S., 56, 77, 96, 101, 414, 422
Continental Army, 43
Continental Congress, 64
Continental Divide, 73, 101, 102, 120, 121, 208–9, 222, 230, 250, 263, 266–89, 363, 379, 386, 407
Conway Cabal, 344
Cook, James, 28, 54, 69, 70, 74, 76, 139, 212, 216, 410, 474
Coon, Enos, 47
Corcoran Art Gallery, 433n
Corps of Discovery, 130–35, 184, 192, 203, 341, 441
celebrations of, 149, 152, 159, 195, 247, 282–83, 319
compensation and rewards of, 132, 416, 424–25, 426
drinking and disciplinary problems of, 120, 129, 130, 136, 147–50, 181–182, 192, 424
early deaths among, 325n
hunting for food by, 145, 153–54, 165–66, 177–78, 190, 193, 198, 210, 217, 220, 223, 237, 274–75, 298, 327–28, 371, 381, 395
illnesses and injuries of, 147, 149, 160–161, 196–97, 223, 235, 243, 255, 259–61, 297, 299–300, 318, 325–326, 358
journals of, 131, 141, 158, 226, 335, 396, 415, 427, 428–29, 434–35, 480
officers and men engaged for, 98, 99, 100–101, 104–5, 114, 117–19, 122, 126, 128, 130–31, 138, 198, 404
permanent party completed for, 198
rations of food and whiskey for, 133–134, 145, 146, 147–48, 149, 165, 189–90, 199, 210, 223
sexual relations with Indian women by, 180, 193, 195, 286, 297, 315, 319, 325
spirit and morale of, 235, 245–46, 247, 255, 261, 294, 298–99, 304, 313, 361
cotton gin, 35
Coues, Elliott, 352, 480, 481
Crackel, Theodore, 136
Criswell, Elijah, 91
Croghan, William, 139
Crow at Rest (chief), 180
Crow Indians, 182, 287, 376, 398
Cruzatte, Pierre (Peter), 138, 146, 169, 171, 172, 173, 177–78, 225, 231, 234, 235, 247, 395–96
shooting incident and, 395–96, 484
violin playing of, 304, 307, 310, 368
Cumberland Gap, 19, 51, 68
Cumberland River, 84
Cuscalah (chief), 318–19
Cushing, Thomas, 100–101
Cut Bank Creek, 385–86, 390
Cut Nose (chief), 361–62, 369, 373
Cutright, Paul Russell, 88, 109, 250, 330–31, 384, 404n, 427n, 431, 433n, 477
Dakota Territory, 161, 176–77, 182, 192, 206, 400
Dalles, The, 306, 354, 356, 361–62, 406
Darwin, Charles, 480
Dearborn, Henry, 62, 64, 84–85, 96, 100, 118, 122, 134–36, 139, 252, 342, 345–47, 411, 423–26, 441, 450–56
Dearborn River, 252, 271, 385
Declaration of Independence, 34, 57, 64, 89, 101, 102, 349
Delassus, Carlos Dehault, 122–23, 129
Delaware Indians, 450
Department of Upper Louisiana, 343
DeSoto, Hernando, 335
Detroit, 47, 49, 447
De Voto, Bernard, 352
Dickerson, Mahlon, 63, 64, 90, 437–38, 439–40, 441
Dickinson, John, 64
Dickson, Joseph, 397–99
Dickson, William, 476–77
Dillon, Richard, 67
Dorion, Pierre, Sr., 146–47, 161–64, 402
Drouillard, George, 159, 198, 211, 213, 246, 261, 268–81, 366, 412, 416
as interpreter, 119, 168–69, 171, 187, 268–71, 286, 306, 358, 361–62, 389, 424
ML and, 118–19, 126, 131, 220–22, 231, 235, 251, 260, 313, 316–17, 335, 385
murder trial of, 446
as woodsman and guide, 118–19, 126, 136, 145, 161, 193, 221, 228, 237, 243, 246, 264–66, 274–81, 317, 327, 365, 371–73, 375, 384–92, 424
Dunbar, William, 349, 352
Dunmore, Lord, 19
East India Company, 407
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 81
elections:
of 1801, 50, 63
of 1804, 66, 115, 401
Electoral College, 50
electricity, 364
Elements of Botany (Barton), 91
Elements of Mineralogy (Kirwan), 91
Eliott, Lieutenant, 45
Ellicott, Andrew, 87–88
Enlightenment, 34, 71, 81, 127, 197, 203, 280, 288, 333, 421, 481
Eustis, William, 462, 466, 468–69, 478
Evans, John, 125, 137
Everitt, Charles, 27
Fallen Timbers, Battle of, 39, 41, 43, 46
Federalist Party, 45, 48–50, 61, 62, 65–66, 78–79, 93, 115, 447
army officers in, 49, 61–62, 429
expedition ridiculed by, 410
High Federalist faction of, 48, 79
Louisiana Purchase opposed by, 78–79, 101–2, 126
Ffirth, S., 113
Field, Joseph, 105, 149, 153, 220–21, 223, 235, 237, 243, 255, 318, 381, 385, 387–92, 424
Field, Reubin, 105, 129, 130, 166, 243, 255, 298, 316, 366, 380, 385, 387–392, 424
First Continental Congress, 19
Fisher, Vardis, 477
Flathead Indians, 206, 209, 271, 282, 289, 367
Flora (Pursh), 433n
Florida, 102, 153
Floyd, Charles, 105, 118, 131, 160–61, 401
Forest Service, U.S., 266n, 374n
Fort Adams, 100, 472
Fort Bellefontaine, 403, 453
Fort Benton, 228n, 230n, 266n
Fort Chipewyan, 73, 74
Fort Clatsop, 317–36, 351, 353, 366, 375, 414, 474
security and discipline of, 319–20, 321–25
structures and furnishings of, 318, 319, 321, 333
Fort Defianc
e, 43–44
Fort Fork, 73
Fort Kaskaskia, 100, 122, 129
Fort Mandan, 23, 28, 186–210, 245, 288, 331, 352, 353, 424, 483
Fort Massac, 100, 118–19
Fort Osage, 457
Fort Pickering, 471–72
Fox Indians, 450, 454–56
France, 37, 48, 61, 71, 72, 93, 102
Jefferson as foreign minister to, 69
see also Louisiana Purchase; Paris
Frankfort Argus of Western America, 476
Frankfort Western World, 412
Franklin, Benjamin, 64, 364
Fraser River, 73, 75
Frazier, Robert, 130, 193, 255, 415–16, 417, 427, 428–29
Frederick the Great, King of Prussia, 147
Freemasonry, 47, 453
French and Indian War, 68
French Revolution, 45
Freneau, Philip, 64
Fulton, Robert, 121, 410
fur trade, 69, 75, 78, 94–95, 123, 125, 145, 146, 154, 179, 205–6, 208, 303, 334, 340, 346–47
ML’s plan for, 377–78, 407–9, 414, 420, 425, 442–44, 454, 459, 460–462
Gallatin, Albert, 64, 78, 80, 91, 94, 258, 342–43, 417
Gamble, Robert, 449, 483
Gass, Patrick, 100, 161, 180, 231, 243, 260, 261, 291, 324, 373, 411, 470
journal of, 131, 158, 396, 427–28, 480
George Ill, King of England, 53
Georgia, 28, 35, 47
Gibson, George, 105, 161, 235, 318, 325–26
Gilmer, George R., 21, 24
Gilmer, “Peachy,” 27, 29, 64
Gilmer, Thomas, 26, 27
Gilmer, Thornton, 60
Glacier National Park, 222, 235n, 386
Goforth, William, 115
Goodrich, Silas, 193, 235, 236, 237, 319, 325
Grand River, 205
Gratiot, Charles, 125, 136, 138
Gravelines, Joseph, 179, 182, 183–84, 198, 209–10, 402
Gray, Robert, 37, 54, 70
Great Britain, 35, 38, 39, 91
exploration and trade development by, 70, 73–77, 94, 102, 407, 442–44
U.S. relations with, 48, 57–58, 61, 102, 401, 437, 442–44, 451, 452, 459
Great Lakes, 51
Great Osage Indians, 450–51, 457
Great Plains, 55, 205, 216–18, 361, 381, 402
Great Slave Lake, 73
Greece, ancient, 33, 53
Greene, Griffin, 112
Greenville, Treaty of, 45, 156
Greenwich, 74, 119–20, 386
Grinder, Mrs., 473–75
Grinder’s Inn, 473–75, 476
Gulf of Mexico, 51, 102, 153, 263
Hall, Hugh, 148–49
Hamilton, Alexander, 37–40, 66, 101
expedition supported by, 70
fatal duel of, 342, 401
Federalist Party and, 45, 48–50, 66
as secretary of state, 38
Hamilton, William, 430
Hancock, Forrest, 397–99
Hancock, George, 429, 440
Hancock, Julia, see Clark, Julia Hancock
Harmar, Josiah, 38, 69
Harpers Ferry, Va., 85, 87, 89, 90, 96, 98, 103–4
Harrison, John, 74
Harrison, William Henry, 347, 348
Harvard University, 367
Harvie, Lewis, 85
Hassler, Ferdinand, 434
Hawaiian Islands, 340
Hawkins, John, 433
Hawk’s Feather (chief), 180, 181
Hay (chief), 180–81
Hay, John, 333n
Hemmings, Sally “Black Sally,” 66
Heney, Hugh, 376–78, 397
Henry, Patrick, 39
Hidatsa Indians, 182, 183, 187–89, 192, 200, 213, 247, 260, 273, 284, 288, 363, 376, 379, 380
geographical information conveyed by, 193, 207–9, 221, 228–29, 230, 237, 250, 263
raids on Shoshone Indians by, 187, 208, 260, 264, 273, 277, 398
High Federalists, 48, 79
History of the Expedition Under the Commands of Captains Lewis and Clark, The (Biddle), 480
History of the Lewis and Clark Journals, A (Cutright), 427n, 433n
History of Louisiana, or of the Western Parts of Virginia and Carolina, The (Pratz), 76, 91, 432
History of the United States in the Administration of Thomas Jefferson (Adams), 101
Hooke, Moses, 99, 135
Horned Weasel (chief), 188
House of Representatives, U.S., 50, 422, 424
Howard, Thomas, 192
Hudson’s Bay Company, 182, 185, 192, 389
Idaho Territory, 266, 299, 302
Illinois Territory, 133, 404–5
Independence Hall, 433
Independence National Historical Park, 433
Indiana Territory, 98, 104, 117–18, 347
Indians:
“civilizing” of, 347, 348–49
communication with, 119, 138, 146–147, 155, 156, 168–69, 171, 173, 178–81, 183–85, 187–90, 197, 203–4, 256, 265, 268–73, 303, 337, 358–59
councils with, 155–64, 168–75, 178–181, 183–85, 277–79, 362–64
culture and customs of, 90, 93, 94–95, 162–63, 172–73, 178, 182–83, 190, 191, 193–96, 203–4, 269–71, 284–288, 337–41, 365–66
diseases contracted by, 178, 180, 183, 286, 297, 337, 338, 341, 352
frontier business trade with, 94, 284, 288, 342–43, 346–47, 348, 376–78, see also fur trade
gift-giving and trade with, 84, 88, 133, 137, 148, 155, 157–58, 160, 169, 179–80, 182, 185, 187, 188, 199–200, 255, 265, 268–69, 278–79, 280–83, 299, 314–15, 334–35, 339, 362, 364–65, 423
guidance and help from, 289–91, 293, 297–98, 302, 341, 373–75, 378–80
hostile encounters with, 170–74, 193, 387–94, 474
Jefferson’s policy toward, 124, 154–55, 170, 171, 185, 288, 324, 342–43, 346–50, 351–52, 397, 455–56
Lewis’s diplomacy with, 178–85, 189–190, 193–200, 206–11, 268–83, 286, 287, 303–4, 321, 324–25, 337, 343, 346–47, 354–65, 397, 405, 450–51
as “noble savages,” 55
petty theft by, 304, 307, 310, 314, 321, 335, 337, 354–57, 384, 396–397, 398
status of women among, 285, 286, 338, 340
warfare among, 172–73, 178–81, 188–189, 193, 284–85, 398–99
Washington, D.C., delegations of, 126, 130, 133, 136, 137, 200–201, 342–343, 345–46, 350, 351–52, 363, 366, 377–78, 399, 400, 402, 417, 420
see also specific tribes
Internal Provinces of New Spain, 345
Iowa Indians, 450, 454–55
Irvin, William, 86
Irving, Washington, 445–46
Jackson, Andrew, 437
Jackson, Donald, 54–55, 96, 97, 137, 140, 226, 254–55, 344, 412, 420–421, 480
James, Thomas, 413
James River, 161
Jarrot, Nicholas, 122, 123
Jay, John, 39
Jay’s Treaty, 39, 41, 43, 48
Jefferson, Martha, see Randolph, Martha Jefferson
Jefferson, Peter, 21, 30, 68
Jefferson, Thomas, 26, 39, 278, 330–34, 336
charm and erudition of, 28, 34, 54–55, 63
childhood and adolescence of, 30–31
coast to coast “Empire of Liberty” vision of, 33, 56–58, 77, 102, 349–350
congressional reports of, 205, 346, 351, 411, 418
contemporary opinion on, 34, 63, 64
correspondence of ML and, 59–60, 116–17, 123, 126, 405, 417, 436, 451–52
criticism of, 352, 410, 423
cross-continental water route sought by, 55, 71, 94, 331–33, 407
expeditions sponsored by, 37, 68–71, 73, 75–98, 100–104, 348, 349–50
as foreign minister to France, 69
foreign policy of, 71–73, 78–79, 101–102, 437
Indian-language interest of, 55, 203–4
Indian policy of, 12
4, 154–55, 170, 171, 185, 288, 324, 342–43, 346–350, 351–52, 397, 455–56
inventions of, 53
as landowner and host, 32–35, 57, 62–64
on Lewis family, 20–23, 63, 477
Louisiana Purchase and, 72–73, 78–79, 96
marriage and family of, 32–33, 36, 62, 426
memoir-biography of ML by, 481
on ML, 24, 27, 30, 32, 37, 49, 63, 76, 79, 81, 141, 201, 311, 343, 477, 484
ML as private secretary to, 59–67, 75–79, 85, 320, 410, 447
ML’s relationship with, 25, 31, 35, 37, 59–67, 70, 74–79, 85–88, 154, 200–201, 216, 311, 320, 417–21, 426–27, 441, 451–52, 466–67
ML’s reports to, 91, 112, 115–16, 123–27, 196, 200, 203–10, 211, 284, 333–34, 344, 350–51, 405–412
ML’s studies with, 67, 76–77, 79–81, 120, 126, 150, 254, 263
presidency of, 35, 50–67, 71–73, 75–102, 115–17, 136, 181, 200–201, 259, 401–3, 407–12, 459, 481
Republican Party and, 45, 48, 49, 73, 408
retirement of, 466, 476–79
sexual misconduct and miscegenation charged to, 65–66
slavery and, 34–37, 57, 458–59
State of the Union Address of, 65
visits of Indian chiefs to, 126, 130, 133, 136, 137, 200–201, 342–43, 345–46, 350–52, 363, 366, 377–78, 399, 400, 402, 417, 420
writings of, 34, 35, 57, 204, 280
Jefferson River, 259–60, 263, 272, 273, 276, 370, 484
Jessaume, René, 184, 186, 187–88, 197, 203–4, 398–99, 448
Jessaume, Toussaint, 448
Johnson, Samuel, 34
Jones, John Paul, 69
Jordan, Winthrop, 36
Joseph (chief), 301
Journals of the Lewis & Clark Expedition, The (Moulton, ed.), 108n–9n
Judith River, 227, 417
Jumping Fish, 277, 279
Kansas, 115
Kansas Indians, 149
Kansas River, 115, 141, 144, 147, 213, 402
Karsmizki, Ken, 248n
Kentucky, 19, 37, 42, 47–48, 51, 54, 55, 71, 97, 114–15, 130, 144, 325, 347, 412, 413, 449, 450
Kickapoo Indians, 128, 450
Kiowa Indians, 182
Kirwan, Richard, 91
Knife River, 186
Knox, Henry, 69
Knoxville, Tenn., 51
Labiche, Francis, 138, 146, 159, 277, 316, 358, 417, 424
Lacépède, Bernard, 425
Lake Athabaska, 73
Lake of the Woods, 116n
Lancaster, 86–87
La Pérouse, Jean-François de Galaup, Comte de, 69, 77
Large, Arlen, 121, 122, 249, 352, 386, 413
Larocque, François-Antoine, 185–86, 188, 192
Lavender, David, 352
Leander, 401
Le Borgne (One Eye) (chief), 183, 398
Ledyard, John, 69
Lemhi Pass, 266n, 271, 273–74, 278, 279, 281, 370, 376, 483