as yet they cannot explain exactly what the quarks are. There are many smaller more complex components to an atom then scientist realize or as yet understand.
Some knowledgeable scientist were fearful they would create a black hole by bombarding protons in a particle accelerator and ultimately destroy the planet in an ever increasing black hole that would feed on all matter of the planet. Not to worry, the particle accelerators here on this planet, or anywhere else in the Universe for that matter, can never duplicate the first moments of time and the complexity of the Big Bang and the resulting first black hole.
In actuality, the large particle accelerators are more consistent with what happens in a black hole, that is the breaking down of particles to their basic elements, not duplicating the Big Bang. The nascency of the Universe was not of two single protons or even hundreds of billions of protons colliding, but rather of an unknown quantity of unknown particles of energy coming together to create something wonderful and not yet fully understood or realized on this world.
Similar fears of doom were expressed by nuclear scientist in the 1940's when the U.S. first split the atom. Some believed it would ignite the atmosphere when the atom was split and cause an uncontrollable chain reaction throughout the planet, which as you know did not happen. This fear was again realized by some with the detonation of the first hydrogen bomb, fearing the hydrogen in the sky would be ignited by chain reaction.
As the scientific prowess of these scientist expands, they are slowly finding that what they thought initially to be a simple atom, is in actuality a very complex part of the Universe and they don't have all the answers yet, and maybe never will.
As stated earlier, scientist as of yet cannot explain why or how atoms combine to form solid objects. They have not hit on the idea that what they hypothesized as gravitons are a part of each and every atom. Actually, they have only theorized the existence of gravitons as an explanation for the existence of gravity and do not understand the clumping of atoms are a very complex action, a Salesian.
Some have suggested there must be another element that causes atoms to cluster and form solid objects because scientist have never been able to form solid objects out of just atoms. They have referred to this unknown element as the Higgs boson particle, or by some as the 'god particle'.
Scientist theorize there is an unknown wave of energy throughout space that causes particles to cluster and come together to create mass. They theorize that the stronger this wave acts on different particles, the more mass a physical object has. This would explain to them why two objects of equal volume may have a different mass or weight, such as a feather and an equal volume of lead. What they are looking for is in reality a Salesian of the Eternals, the dark matter hypothesized by some that comprises about 25% of the Universe.
BLACK HOLES
Just like all atoms, all galaxies have a nucleus and is what is called on Earth, a black hole, black holes were only a theory as late as the 1980's. With the use of the Hubble telescope and spectrographic penetrating sensors, scientist were able to confirm the existence of massive black holes, and have since been able to identify these anomalies in every galaxy they have looked at since.
A black hole is actually the originating mass that causes the nearby matter to accrete and form the galaxy and is the 'garbage disposal' of that galaxy. Matter that strays too close to a black hole will succumb to the tremendous pull of gravity, a force so strong not even light (photons) can escape its clutches.
A black hole works the same way the Sun works in our solar system, in that it is what holds the masses of a galaxy together, the nucleus of the galaxy, no different than the nucleus of an atom. The cluster of stars and solar systems in a galaxy are held in check (in part) by the tremendous gravity created by the black hole, causing the mass to spin around it much the same way water swirls around the drain as it empties. Black holes are not the ominous menace as some think, but rather the main building block of all galaxies and the physical Universe in its entirety.
One has to consider, even though no physical particle travels faster than the speed of light, photons are a very weak force compared to other forces such as electromagnetic force and gravitons. Most scientist incorrectly believe electromagnetic force is carried on photons. Electromagnetic force is only a part of photons and is a separate particle from photons.
A galaxy cannot form or exist, without a black hole!
A black hole is comprised solely of a maelstrom (31) of gravitons that nucleate and are a Salesian of the Eternals, that is to say, these gravitons would not cluster without the influence of dark matter, just as solid matter will not form without dark matter (the missing 'god particle'). Some rogue or free black holes are all that are left of a once galaxy or they formed with too few particles and gasses in their vicinity and the black hole consumed all matter without creating a galaxy.
Initially a few gravitons are clustered together with no other matter, these clusters attract only other gravitons until there is a maelstrom so powerful that all physical matter in the immediate area is pulled spinning around it. As these particles of dust and gasses swirl around the black hole, they also begin to nucleate and cluster to form nebulae creating new stars and eventually planets. The black hole feeds on any matter that is too close to its vortex, this area is referred to as the event horizon, the area where no physical matter can escape the tremendous energy created by the gravitons. The black hole will continue to feed until there is no matter inside its circle of doom and will then go dormant, but still keeping outlying masses swirling around its tremendous gravitational influence.
As the orbit of close matter, solar systems and individual stars, erodes towards the black hole, these masses enter the circle of doom and the black hole will again start to feed. The physical matter is ripped apart to its basic elements as it enters the throat of the black hole. This desecration of matter creates tremendous heat as the molecules rush past each other, resulting in solar plasma (32) that excites photons, creating a tremendous glow that appears to flow away from the black hole.
Scientist believe that black holes are usually created by a massive celestial object such as a neutron star collapsing upon its self. Although most scientist generally acknowledge that black holes are a central and possibly vital part of a galaxy, they cannot explain how the first black hole, or star, or galaxy was created.
There is a little problem for cosmologist concerning the rotation of star clusters around a galaxy. They do not understand why the outer-most stars in a galaxy (such as in the Milky Way) are able to stay in touch with the galaxy. With the lessening gravitational pull from the center of the galaxy to the outer most clusters and the centrifugal force exerted upon the outer stars as they revolve around the galaxy's center mass at tens of thousands of miles per hour, scientist do not understand why these outer stars should not just fly off into space. It is thought that solar systems (such our own) believed to be outside of the influence of the black hole and are so far on the outer fringe of the galaxy on a spiral arm, that the speed of rotation in the galaxy should expel these systems free of the galaxy's influence.
To make this phenomenon even less understandable, scientist have since surmised that the larger the galaxy and its black hole, the faster all of the galaxy spins, especially the outermost stars seemingly not directly influenced by the black hole. Cosmologist have again concluded there must be some other 'unknown force' which binds the outer reaches of a galaxy to the whole of the galaxy.
It is completely understandable to scientist why the inner most stars are held in check with the galaxy, it is because of the closeness to the tremendous gravitational pull and proximity to the black hole, but the outer-most stars of a galaxy should revolve much slower because they are further away, not physically connected to and less influenced by the black hole's spinning gravity. But the opposite is true, the outer most stars revolve at a much higher speed than the closer stars because of the greater distance that must be traveled.
/> The only plausible explanation for cosmologist is the presumed presence of some other form of matter or force to be playing a role, some other influence they cannot identify and can only presume to exist that is tying the outer star clusters to the rest of the galaxy.
This phenomenon once again supports the notion by cosmologist that there is a form of matter that is neither visible or measurable, but has to exist as an explanation of why galaxies in the Universe behave as they do. The unknown force they are looking for is what I have described earlier as dark matter. The dark matter is actually pushing inwards on the whole of the galaxy, like your hands holding a ball cupped in the palms.
Scientist wanted to compare a massive black hole with what they called a common or small black hole based on their observations. They looked at a nearby galaxy that has an active massive black hole, as evidenced by the large amounts of radiation and light being emitted from the plasma being heated to tremendous temperatures at the vortex of the black hole. Scientist wanted to compare this massive black hole to our nearest neighboring large galaxy, Andromeda, which appears to have a small or common black hole based on their