31. Hope: in “Commander Hire’s Report Relative to the Recent Desertions at Shanghai,” May 1, 1861, Admiralty 125/7 (hereafter ADM 125/7).
diplomatic officer: Forrest to Bruce, April 20 and May 1, 1861 (enclosures 1 and 2 in Bruce to Russell, May 23, 1861), BPP, vol. 63, 1862.
32. Alabaster: “Notes by Chaloner Alabaster on a Meeting Between Hsueh Huan, Wu Hsu and Commander Hire, April 22, 1861,” ADM 125/7.
33. Alabaster’s quoting of the mandarin: Alabaster to Medhurst, April 23, 1861, ADM 125/7.
Ward’s pass: “Ward Pass No. 2, April 22, 1861,” ADM 125/7.
Ward’s residence: Alabaster to Medhurst, April 23, 1861, ADM 125/7.
Hire: Hire’s Report, ADM 125/7.
34. the consuls: Hire’s Report, ADM 125/7.
Ward: Commander Henry W. Hire, “Memorandum of a Question Put by Commander Hire to the Person Calling Himself Ward, April 25, 1861,” ADM 125/7.
Cleary: Nicholas Cleary to Commander Hire, April 25, 1861, ADM 125/7.
35. the second interview: Chaloner Alabaster, “Interview Between Commander Hire R.N. and H.E. the Taotai with Reference to the Capture of Colonel Ward,” ADM 125/7.
Hire: Hire’s Report, ADM 125/7.
the Shanghai Municipal Council: William Howard to Walter Medhurst, April 26, 1861, ADM 125/7.
36. Hire: Hire’s Report, ADM 125/7.
the Herald: NCH, June 8, 1861.
Medhurst: Medhurst to Bruce, May 29, 1861, FO 228/311.
37. Forester: Edward Forester, “Personal Recollections of the Tai-ping Rebellion,” Cosmopolitan, vol. 21 (1896), p.629 (hereafter Forester).
38. Forester: Forester, p.629.
39. the Herald: NCH, June 8, 1860.
40. Forester: Forester, p.629.
41. Bruce: Bruce to Russell, May 23, 1861, BPP, vol. 63, 1862.
Hope: Hope to Bruce, May 24, 1861, FO 228/300.
42. Alabaster: enclosure 1 in Medhurst to Bruce, May 29, 1861, FO 228/311.
Dew: Dew to Hope, June 18, 1861, BPP, vol. 63, 1862.
Hope: enclosure 3 in Dew to Hope, June 18, 1861, BPP, vol. 63, 1862; Hope to the Admiralty, June 27, 1861, BPP, vol. 63, 1862.
43. Bruce: Bruce to Russell, June 23, 1861, BPP, vol. 63, 1862.
Compton: NCH, January 12, 1861
Bruce: Bruce to Russell, June 23, 1861, BPP, vol. 63, 1862.
44. Bruce: Bruce to Russell, July 3, 1861, BPP, vol. 63, 1862.
CHAPTER V
1. the T’ien Wang: Curwen, p.122.
the Kan Wang: Lay, p.7.
2. Schmidt: Schmidt, P.C., p.7.
Macgowan: Macgowan, p.119.
3. Wilson: Wilson, pp.129–132.
Wu Hsü: WHTA, pp.125–127; Smith, Dissertation, pp.75–76.
4. Harry Ward’s purchases: Smith, Mercenaries, p.90.
5. two passes: The passes are contained in the Frederick Townsend Ward Collection at Sterling Library, Yale University (hereafter Ward Collection, Yale).
6. Macgowan: Macgowan, p.105.
7. Russell: Russell to Bruce, August 8, 1861, FO 17/349.
Macgowan: Macgowan, p.105.
8. Burlingame: Frederick Wells Williams, Anson Burlingame and the First Chinese Mission to Foreign Powers (New York: Scribner’s, 1912), p.12
(hereafter Williams).
Seward: Williams, pp.22–23.
9. the imperial decree: Warner, p.73.
10. Burlingame: Burlingame to Seward, November 30, 1861, Dispatches of U.S. Ministers to China (hereafter DUSMC), R.6.59, microfilm 92, National Archives.
Lindley: Lindley, vol. 1, p.358.
11. Roberts’s report: BPP, vol. 63, 1863.
12. the Herald: NCH, December 14, 1861.
the Herald: NCH, December 21, 1861.
one missionary: NCH, January 4, 1862.
13. British consul: Gregory, pp.109–110.
Hope: BPP, vol. 63, 1862.
14. Bruce: Gregory, p.119.
Palmerston: Gregory, pp.108–109.
15. British consul: Smith, Dissertation, p.127.
Bruce: Bruce to Russell, March 26, 1862, BPP, vol. 63, 1862.
16. Willes: Capt. George O. Willes to Admiral Hope, January 20, 1862, BPP, vol. 63, 1862.
17. Macgowan: Macgowan, p.105.
18. Wu Hsü’s letters to Ward: Ward Collection, Yale.
19. Hsüeh: IWSM, TC 4, pp.25–28.
the Herald: NCH, January 18, 25, 1862.
Daily Shipiing and Commercial News: in BPP, vol. 63, 1862.
20. the Herald: NCH, February 15, 1862.
21. Hayes: Hayes, “Soldier,” p.196.
22. Tseng: Smith, Dissertation, p.87.
23. Gordon: Smith, Mercenaries, p.214.
24. Hayes: Hayes, “Chapter,” pp.522–524.
25. Hope: Smith, Mercenaries, p.49.
26. Hope: Hope to Paget, February 21, 1862, ADM 125/104.
27. Alabaster’s account: BPP, vol. 63, 1862, enclosure in May 2, 1962.
Macgowan: Macgowan, p.107.
Forester: Forester, p.34.
28. Macgowan: Macgowan, p.107.
29. Hope: Hope to Paget, February 21, 1862, ADM 125/104.
30. Burlingame: Burlingame to Seward, March 22, 1862, DUSMC, R.6.59, microfilm 92, roll 21, National Archives.
the Herald: NCH, February 22, 1862.
Lindley: Lindley, vol. 2, p.450.
31. Sykes and the Times: Sykes, pp.23, 33.
Hope: Hope to Bruce, February 22, 1862, BPP, vol. 63, 1862.
32. Michel: Michel to Bruce, February 28, 1862, BPP, vol. 63, 1862.
33. Burlingame: Burlingame to Seward, March 7, 1862, DUSMC, R.6.59, microfilm 92, roll 21, National Archives.
Hope: Hope to the Admiralty, March 5, 1862, ADM 1/5790.
34. Hsüeh: IWSM, TC 4, pp.25–26.
35. the imperial decree: Smith, Dissertation, p.91.
36. the Times: London Times, June 4, 1862.
the Herald’s account of Hsiao-t’ang: NCH, March 8, 1862.
p.204: Lindley: Lindley, vol. 2, p.451.
Alabaster’s account: BPP, vol. 63, 1862, enclosure in May 2, 1962.
38. Hsüeh’s account: IWSM, TC 4, pp.49b–51b.
39. the Herald’s account of Ssu-ching: NCH, March 22, 1862.
Hsüeh’s account: IWSM, TC 5, pp.5b–7b.
CHAPTER VI
1. Abend: Abend, pp.149–150.
2. edict on foreign troops: IWSM, TC 4, p.52a.
Hsüeh on Ward: IWSM, TC 5, p.6b.
3. edict questioning Ward: IWSM, TC 5, p.8a.
4. Smith: Smith, Mercenaries, p.52.
5. Ward: Ward to Burlingame, August 16, 1862, Burlingame Papers, Library of Congress.
Wilson: Wilson, pp.123–124.
6. Wu Hsü: His letters to Ward can be found in the Ward Collection at Yale.
7. one Western witness: William Mesny, cited in Abend, p.160.
Abend: Abend, p.151.
Macgowan: Macgowan, vol. 3, p.22.
8. another early Ward biographer: Cahill, p.165.
one early-twentieth-century scholar: Hosea Ballou Morse, in his fictionalized In the Days of the Taipings (Salem, Mass.: Essex Institute, 1927). Yang’s letter: This letter can be found in the Ward Collection at Yale.
9. Cahill: Holger Cahill, A Yankee Adventurer (New York: MacAulay and Co., 1930), p.166 (hereafter Cahill).
Wu Hsü on Ward’s embarrassment: IWSM, TC 5, pp.51–52.
10. the chop: This object can be found among the personal effects belonging to Ward that have been stored at the Essex Institute. There is also a collection of Chang-mei’s jewelry, as well as Ward’s mandarin’s cap (the blue button is missing).
11. Shen Chu-jeng’s biography: A copy was graciously supplied to me by Richard J. Smith, who deserves sole credit for its discovery.
12. Burlingame: Burlingame to Seward, March 7, 1862, DUSMC, R.6.59, microfilm 92, roll 21, National Archives.
13. Burgevine supplying Burlingame with lemonade and soda water: as related i
n a letter from Burgevine to Burlingame dated May 1863, Burlingame Papers, Library of Congress.
14. Burlingame: Burlingame to Seward, March 22, 1862, DUSMC, R.6.59, microfilm 92, roll 21, National Archives.
Ward’s letter: Ward to Burlingame, August 16, 1862, Burlingame Papers, Library of Congress.
15. Burlingame: Burlingame to Seward, October 27, 1862, DUSMC, microfilm 92, roll 21, National Archives.
Hope: Hope to Bruce, October 8, 1862, FO 228/321; Hope to Forester, October 12, 1862, FO 228/321.
16. Schmidt: his memo on Ward’s character can be found in record group 59, DUSCS, microfilm 112, roll 5, National Archives.
Hayes: Hayes, “Soldier,” pp.196–197.
17. Hope: Hope to Forester, October 12, 1862, FO 228/321.
18. Feng Kuei-fen: quoted in Smith, Dissertation, p.149.
Hsüeh: IWSM, TC 5, pp.56–76.
Wu Hsü: WHTA, pp.138–141.
19. Tseng: quoted in William J. Hail, Tseng Kuo-fan and the Taiping Rebellion (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1927), p.260 (hereafter Hail).
20. Macgowan: Macgowan, vol. 2, p.119.
21. Hayes: The comment is contained in a memo concerning Ward’s estate dated August 30, 1864, that can be found in the bound DUSCS (record group 84), p.849, National Archives.
Hope: Smith, Dissertation, p.345.
Hayes: Hayes, “Soldier,” p.197.
Tseng’s biographer: Hail, p.259.
22. imperial edict on foreigners: quoted in John K. Fairbank, ed., The Chinese World Order (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968), p.267 (hereafter Fairbank).
Fairbank: Fairbank, pp.262, 269, 272–273.
23. Hsüeh’s doubting memorial: IWSM, TC 5, pp.33–36b.
24. Ward to Harry: the letters can be found in record group 84, Legation Archives, Consulate Records, Shanghai, vol. 34, p.803, National Archives.
CHAPTER VII
1. the Chung Wang: Curwen, pp.133–134.
2. Bruce: Bruce to Russell, March 26, 1862, BPP, vol. 63, 1862, p.220.
Bruce: Bruce to Hope, March 26, 1862, FO 17/371.
3. the Herald account: NCH, April 12, 1862.
4. Lindley: Lindley, vol. 2, p.505.
the Herald: NCH, April 12, 1862.
5. the Herald: NCH, April 12, 1862.
Borlase: Borlase to Hope, April 6, 1862, BPP, vol. 63, 1862, p.226.
the Herald: NCH, April 12, 1862.
6. Borlase: Borlase to Hope, April 18, 1862, BPP, vol. 63, 1862, p.225.
7. Shanghai Daily Shipping List: quoted in Lindley, vol. 2, p.507.
Wilson: Wilson, p.134.
8. Wilson: Wilson, p.131.
9. Li Hung-chang on Wu, Yang, and Hsüeh: in J. C. Cheng, Chinese Sources for the Taiping Rebellion, 1850–1864 (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1963), p.92 (hereafter Cheng).
Peking to Li: Cheng, p.94.
Li on Ward: Cheng, p.96.
10. Ward on Li: Ward to Burlingame, August 16, 1862, Burlingame Papers, Library of Congress.
the Allied agreement: BPP, vol. 73, 1863, p.410.
11. Gordon: Charrier, Gordon of Khartoum, pp.41–42.
Lindley: Lindley, vol. 2, p.510.
12. Macgowan: Macgowan, vol. 2, p.121.
Schmidt: quoted in Macgowan, vol. 2, p.121.
China Mail: quoted in Lindley, vol. 2, p.512
14. Macgowan: Macgowan, vol. 2, p.121.
British Foreign Office: the Foreign Office to the Admiralty, May 6, 1862, FO 17/382.
15. Ward: Ward to Burlingame, August 16, 1862, Burlingame Papers, Library of Congress.
16. Dew: Wilson, p.102.
17. the Herald: NCH, May 17, 1862.
18. Smith: Smith, Dissertation, p.177.
the Herald: NCH, May 24, 1862.
19. Lindley: Lindley, vol. 2, p.517.
20. the Herald: NCH, May 24, 1862.
Lindley: Lindley, vol. 2, p.519.
Overland Trade Report: quoted in Lindley, vol. 2, pp.519–520.
Staveley: Staveley to Sir G. C. Lewis, BPP, vol. 73, 1863, p.396.
21. Forester: Forester, p.36.
22. Staveley: Staveley to Bruce, May 23 and May 26, 1862, BPP, vol 73, 1863, p.421.
23. Hope: Hope to the Secretary of the Admiralty, May 31, 1862, BPP, vol. 63, 1862, p.253.
24. Montgomerie’s account: Montgomerie to Hope, June 7, 1862, BPP, vol. 73, 1863, p.402.
the Chung Wang’s surrender demand: in Franz, Michael, The Taiping Rebellion: History and Documents (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1966–71), vol. 3, p.1018.
25. the rebel general’s surrender demand, and Forester’s reply: BPP, vol. 73, 1863, pp.404–405.
Macgowan: Macgowan, vol. 2, p.123.
Forester on mutiny: Forester, p.36.
26. Li Hung-chang: Cheng, pp.95–96.
27. Forester: Forester, p.39.
28. the Herald: NCH, June 14, 1862.
29. the Chung Wang: Curwen, p.136.
the T’ien Wang: Curwen, p.136.
30. Li Hung-chang: Cheng, pp.96, 98.
imperial edict: Smith, Dissertation, p.98.
31. Hope: Hope to Bruce, June 14, 1862, FO 228/321.
Ward: NCH, January 10, 1863.
Macgowan: Macgowan, vol. 3, p.23.
Kung on Ward: IWSM, TC 6, p.17.
32. Bruce to Kung, and Kung’s reply: BPP, vol. 73, 1863, pp.448–452.
33. Li Hung-chang: Cheng, p.99.
34. Ward: Ward to Burlingame, August 16, 1862, Burlingame Papers, Library of Congress.
35. Tseng Kuo-fan: quoted in Smith, Dissertation, p.190.
Wu Hsü to Ward: Ward Collection, Yale.
36. Peking Gazette account: NCH, October 4, 1862.
Forester: Forester, p.213.
Macgowan: Macgowan, vol. 2, p.124
37. Li Hung-chang: Cheng, p.100.
Ward: Ward to Burlingame, August 16, 1862, Burlingame Papers, Library of Congress.
Li Hung-chang: Cheng, p.101.
38. the Herald: NCH, July 26, 1862.
39. Li Hung-chang on the free city movement: Cheng, pp.100–101.
Ward: Ward to Burlingame, August 16, 1862, Burlingame Papers, Library of Congress.
Li Hung-chang on Wu and Yang: Cheng, p.101.
40. Ward on accounts: Ward to Burlingame, August 16, 1862, Burlingame Papers, Library of Congress.
Macgowan: Macgowan, vol. 2, p.124.
41. Thomas Lyster: in E. A. Lyster, ed., With Gordon in China: Letters from Thomas Lyster, Lieutenant Royal Engineers (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1891), p.79 (hereafter Lyster).
Lyster: Lyster, pp.84–85, 86.
42. Hayes: Hayes, “Chapter,” p.521.
Li Hung-chang: Cheng, p.103.
Ward’s letter: Ward to Burlingame, September 10, 1862, Burlingame Papers, Library of Congress.
43. Hayes: Hayes, “Soldier,” p.197.
44. Schmidt: His memo can be found in record group 59, microfilm 112, roll 5, National Archives.
45. Wilson: Wilson, pp.107–108.
Ward: Macgowan, vol. 3, p.24.
Forester: Forester, p.212.
46. Bogle: Bogle to Dew, September 21, 1862, BPP, vol. 73, 1863, p.482.
Ward’s will: Bogle’s statement can be found in record group 84, Legation Archives, Consulate Records, Shanghai, vol. 34, no. 225 (bound), p.763, National Archives.
EPILOGUE
1. Ever Victorious Army officer: see Hayes, “Soldier,” p.199.
Cook: his deposition can be found in record group 84, Legation Archives, Consulate Records, Shanghai, vol. 34, no. 225 (bound), p.797, National Archives.
2. Dew: Dew to Hope, September 27, 1862, BPP, vol. 73, 1863, p.481.
Hope: Hope to the Admiralty, October 1, 1862, BPP, vol. 73, 1863, p.480.
Hope to Burlingame: Rantoul, p.42.
Gordon: Smith, Mercenaries, p.79.
3. the Herald: NCH, September 27, 1862; January 3, 1863.
Schmidt: DUSCS, 1847–1906, R. G. 59, microfilm 112,
roll 5, National Archives.
4. Li Hung-chang’s memorial: Rantoul, pp.47–48.
5. imperial decree on Ward: Rantoul, p.45.
second imperial decree: IWSM, TC9, p.3b.
6. Schmidt: DUSCS, 1847–1906, R.6.59, microfilm 112, roll 5, National Archives.
Shen Chu-jeng’s biography: see note for p.222.
Lyster: Lyster, pp.96, 113.
7. Burgevine on command: Smith, Mercenaries, p.108.
8. Hope on Ward’s Chinese: Hope to Bruce, October 29, 1862, FO 228/321.
9. Burlingame: Burlingame to Seward, October 27, 1862, DUSMC, microfilm 92, roll 21, National Archives.
10. Alabaster on Burgevine: an undated memorandum to Medhurst, BPP, vol. 63, 1864, p.26.
Macgowan: Macgowan, vol. 3, p.47.
Hope: Hope to Bruce, October 29, 1862, FO 228/321.
a veteran officer: quoted in Macgowan, vol. 3, p.48.
11. Hope: Hope to Bruce, October 29, 1862, FO 228/321.
Li Hung-chang on Burgevine: Smith, Mercenaries, p.113.
12. Wilson: Wilson, p.116.
Wilson: Wilson, p.118.
13. Macgowan: Macgowan, vol. 3, p.49.
the Friend of China: Friend of China, February 18, 1863.
Lyster: Lyster, pp.128–129.
14. the Herald: NCH, January 10, March 10, 1863.
Schmidt: Schmidt, P. C., p.10.
Schmidt: Schmidt, P. C., Vincente, pp.6–8.